Functions of the Digestive System

Functions of the digestive SystemHealthc atomic number 18 SupportJohn FentonPART AIdentify the parts of the Digestive System on the plat overleaf(see diagram 1)Explain the function of to each one part of the Digestive System identified in the diagram above ? cosmos The branch of medicine focused on the digestive system is Gastroenterology. The digestive system is a set of electric organs that work on provender and con strand to break them down into substances the psycheify suffer absorb so that our clay can grow, repair itself, have energy to live life.The Digestive system similarly gets rid of the waste that the body cannot use. Some organs have a direct input into the breakdown of fodder where others have an indirect input in the breakdown. The digestive system is made up of 2 parts the alimentary c anal is made up of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, dainty intestines, and king-sized intestines. In addendum to the alimentary canal, there atomic number 18 several important Accessory organs that help your body to digest food they are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, g every(prenominal)bladder, and pancreas.Mouth is where food and drink enter the body and it has many parts that aid in breaking up the food. The teeth which there is 32 of them made up of incisors dogtooth and molars which cut and tear the food breaking it into minusculeer pieces (mechanical digestion) the tongue moisten the food with mucus and the saliva glands secrete saliva to help break it up into a material body and amylase work on starch to break it down.so as the food leaves the mouth to go down the throat(pharynx) it is formed into a bolus or pulp which makes swallowing easier. At the top of the larynx there is a flap called the epiglottis which prevents food going towards the lungs but instead letting into the esophagus.Esophagus or windpipe is a muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach this foodpipe forces the food down to the stomach usin g muscular waves called peristalsis and along with mucus from the esophagus. At the end of the esophagus there is the cardiac sphincter that allows the bolus into the stomach but prevents the food going back up the esophagus.Stomach It is C shaped bag that hold food until it is ready to go into the small intestine. The stomach release hydrochloric acid which aid digestion but kills bacteria. The stomach mixes and churns the food with the help of the wave manage muscles(peristalsis) and enzymes help to chemically break down the food when food leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter it is creamy and is called chime.Small intestine It is 7 metre long and it is care a coiled hose and is made up of 3 parts the duodenum, jejunum ileum 90% of the digestion both chemical and mechanical military issues place here and some assiduousness into the bloodstream .The liver produces crust and sends it to the gall bladder and then empties the saddle sore into the duodenum and pancrea tic juices are also go into the duodenum in order to help in the breakdown of food. There is villa in the walls of the small intestine which makes absorption into the bloodstream possible.Large Intestine is a long, thick tube about 2 inches in diameter and about 5 feet long. It wraps around the small intestine. It has 3 parts ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon. The large intestine receives undigested food from the small intestine and reabsorbs water back into the bloodstream from the faeces. Some undigested carbohydrates cannot be absorbed and form part of the waste that needs to leave the body. There are bacteria in the large intestine which make important substance called vitamin K. Faeces in the large intestine exit the body through the anal canal.The liver is the largest gland in the body it is soft and reddish and brown in colour. It is not considered as a direct part of the digestive system. It produces bile that aids in digestion by breaking down ma terial and help creating waste products that will later need to be eliminated from the body. It destroys harmful bacteria that mother from the digestive tract and it submits important vitamins that is in the foodThe gall bladder is a pear shaped sac attached by the cystic and bile ducts to the liver, stores bile which is made by the liver in a concentrated form until it is needed. the lining has many folds.it secretes the bile when it is needed.it is a thick liquid.The Pancreas is a neutral pink gland organ shaped like a fish it is connected to the duodenum at its tail. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine to complete the chemical digestion. The cells of the pancreas are divided into the islets of Langerhans(which produce insulin glucagon) help regulate the sugars in the blood pancreatic juice help to breakdown food. The juices contain lipose, amylase, trysin.Appendix Is mingled with the small and large intestine it a thin tube 4inches long, it is no t known what its function is but it is suggested that it stores good bacteria.Rectum Is 12cm long it is al guidances empty except when it receives the contents of the colon(faeces) which it stores until it is excreted from the body through the anus.AnusThis is where the faeces leave the body it contains 2 muscles one involuntarily and the other voluntarily which means faeces can be held inside until the person is ready to excrete.The functions of the digestive system. are now complete they are ingestion, digestion, propulsion, absorption and elimination.(Course Notes (2015) (Tucker, 2012)Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body?Introduction All the food we eat needs to be broken down by the body in order for the body to be satisfactory to use it. Our diet has to be balanced in order that our body received the correct nutrients necessary for it to be maintained and for our bodies to function prope rly. The food pyramid outlines the components necessary for balanced healthy diet. See diagram below that helps us to understand the foods that contain Proteins Carbohydrates and fats and how they are beneficial to the body. (Course Notes (2015) (Tucker, 2012)Type SourceFunctionDigested by BodyAbsorbed by the bodyProteins eg Beans,fish,Cheese, Chicken, MeatRepair Maintain Body (Building blocks)Source of Energy for bodyCreate some Hormones eg InsulinStores Moves MoleculesCreates Antibodies to prevent contagionImportant EnzymesThe Enzymes Pepsin from Pancreas/Stomach/Small Intestine.As Amino AcidsFats eg Chocolate,milk,Butter, Olive Oil,Nuts.Provides Vitamins A,D,E,K.Insulates the body sustains body Temperature.Turns Fat into EnergyLipase Enzymes breakdown fat in small intestineFatty Acids GlycerolCarbohydrates eg Potatoes, Cereal,breadMain Source of fuel.Easily used by the body for Energy.Stored in some Organs for use later.Important in Intestine and helps in waste EliminationPa ncreatic Amylase works on Carbohydrates in the DuodenumAs MonosaccharidesPART BDraw a diagram of a ordinary cell, and state the function of each of its Organelles.(See Diagram 2)Introduction The cell is the smallest living unit there are 50 trillion cells in the homo body that cannot be seen by the naked eye. Cells vary in shape and size and each part in a cell has a business organization to do which contribute to the function of the cell. A group of similar cells working together form tissue and a number of tissues make up an organ and a number of organs make up an organ system like the digestive system and when these systems work together the result is an individual with all system working together. Below is outlined the main components of an animal cell.Cell Membrane Regulates and controls transport in(food Oxygen) and out(CO2 Waste) of the cell and also provides a boundary around the cell.cytoplasm is a gel like material that lies between the cell membrane and the nucleus, c ontains water and nutrients and protects the cell.Rough Endoplasmic reticulum It has bumpy tissue and produces and moves proteins and hormones around the cell.Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum making and distributing molecules depending on the type of cell with a smooth surface.Ribsomes They are a circle shape and they build protein from amino acids for the cell.Golgi Body It gathers simple molecules makes them into to a greater extent complex molecules then packages them into vesicles and then either holds onto the material or sends it out of the cell.Mitochondria The Powerhouse of the cell as they provide the energy for the cell. The deoxyribonucleic acid is also found here.it breaks down food and it releases energy to the cell. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is produced here and it powers the cells processes.Neuclear Membrane holds substances inside the Nucleus allows material in and out between nucleus and cytoplasm.it is a security measures layer for the nucleus.NeuleousThe main pa rts are DNA,RNA and proteins, the main function is helping in making ribosomes.Nucleus is a fibrous material, it is the control centre of the cell. It contains chromosomes with the DNA and materials leave the nucleus through the pores.Lysosomes The disposal system of the cell, they breakdown complex proteins into simplier social systems.it digests waste material and helps repair damage to the cell.Cilla Is a hair like structure on the cell membrane moves substances along the surface of the cell and also helps to move the cell.(Course Notes (2015).Classify tissues into the four main groups epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous, give an example of each ? (Table stage will suffice)Introduction The study of tissue is called histology. meanders are the collection of cells with a similar structure and function. When the tissues work together they form into an organ. There are 4 types mentioned in table below. (Tucker, 2012)TypeFunctionExampleEpithelial Tissue covers body surface s lines hollow organsAbsorbs/Protects/Secretes/FiltersSkin,Lines of organs body cavities ducts in glands,IntestinesConnective Tissue connects all other tissue in the bodyGives support Rigidity to the body.Transports Oxygen Co2 in the body.Provide a cushion where bones garnerConnecting Supporting other tissuesHelps retain heat in the bodyProtects against diseaseStretch RecoilOuter Protection of OrgansBonesCartilage line of productsAreolarAdiposeLymphoidYellow ElasticWhite FibrousMuscle Tissue bound together in bundles made up of water, proteins, fats,mineral salts,glycogenMechanical digestionBody MovementMoves blood, food and waste through organs of bodySmooth-Organ Walls Involuntarily(not straited)Skeletal Arms Legs Voluntarily(striated)Cardiac Heart Wall Involuntarily (striated) neuronic Tissue made up of neurons neuralgiaControls transmit the impulses between the body organs via the neurons which are nerve cellsBrain,Spinal Cord NervesExplain the difference between b enign and malignant tumours ?Benign Tumours are not cancerous but are a mass of tissue that grow in an uncontrolled way but they can be removed. They do not spread to any other parts of the body and can be quite painful.Malignant Tumours they are cancerous and they include cells that grow out of control and they often invade other cells and spread to other parts of the body. When a malignant tumour is removed there is a possibility that cancer will reappear in another part of the body for example a malignant tumour in the pancreas may reappear in the liver.(Course Notes (2015).PART CLabel the urinary system using the diagram overleaf. (See diagram 3)Explain the structure and function of each element of the Urinary System ? (5 marks)Introduction to Urinary System Theurinary systemhelps get rid of waste product called urea from the body, which is produced when certain foods are broken down. The self-colored system includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, two sphincter muscles and the urethra. Urine produced by the kidneys travels down the ureters to the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra.The kidney is bean shaped and 11cm long. 25% of the blood that is in circulation goes through the kidneys there are 2 of them and they are reddish brown in colour it is made up of cortex on the outside and the myelin on the inside. Each kidney has on its surface more than a million twisted tubes called nephrons. The function of the kidneys is to filter out waste and toxins, reabsorb nutrients such as glucose and protein and then excrete waste. It is also responsible for osmoregulation which balances water and salts in the blood.,Ureter carries body of water from the kidney to the bladder and when there is fluid in them it makes the urine flow towards the bladder like the kidney there are 2 of them one attached to each kidney. The walls are thick and are able to contract they are situated between the kidneys and the bladder.bladder it is a muscular sac li ke organ situated between ureter and urethra.it can expand when urine goes into it and then contract when urine leaves it. Its function is to store urine and send a message to the brain when it needs to be emptied.Urethra is a narrow tube longer in men that women its function is to take urine from the body to the outside but also takes semen to outside in men.(Course Notes (2015).Draw the structure of a Nephron and explain how it produces urine Diagram 4 ? (Google Images)There are over 2 million nephrons in the kidneys of an adult. (Tucker, 2012) There are a several structures that make up the nephron. The Glomerulus are tiny capillaries that look like a ball of wool and act as sieve where the blood is filtered. The glomerulus is surrounded by the Bowmans Capsule.The Bowmans capsule absorbs the material that is filtered from the glomerulus. As a result of the filtration process serviceable substances flow into the Tubule and from there they are reabsorbed into the bloodstream.The remaining substances in the tubule and any water that is useful is absorbed into the bloodstream. The material that is leftover is 95% water and cannot be used by the body it is called urine and this needs to be eliminated from the body. The urine moves from the tubule to the ureter. see diagram attached on separate sheetName and explain three diseases / disorders which affect the urinary system ?Kidney Stones The medical name for stones in the kidneys is Nephrolithiasis. It occurs when a self-coloured mass of material forms together within the renal pelvis, bladder or ureters, After the Kidney stone has formed it will try to pass out in the urine but because of its size it will not be able to do so and this can cause severe pain in the paunch or groin. There are several procedures to remove or break them down. Depending on the size will determine the treatment required if they are small your GP can give you medication that will reduce the kidney stone in size and then allow them to be passed out in the urine if they are much larger surgery may be required. This condition happens more frequently in men than in women.UrethritisIs the swelling of the urethra resulting in a very painful discharge of urine sometimes caused by infection. There is 2 types of urethritis Gonococcal and nonspecific urethritis and this is caused by a big number of bacteria, yeast or chlamydia, it is diagnosed by sending a test of a discharge from the urethra to the lab. Treatment will depend on the cause and appropriate antibiotics would clear the problem.Pyelonephritis is a bacterial or viral infection of the kidney and it can spread if not treated. People most at risk for pyelonephritis are those who have a bladder infection or a problem in the urinary tract. the possible symptoms are painful urination, groin pain, nausea and fever. In most cases the bacterial infection can be treated by antibiotics, it can be diagnosed in a variety of different ways through analysis of a urine sa mple and looking for the presence of white blood cells and bacteria, and through Ultrasound. http//www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/kidney-disease/pyelonephritis-kidney-infection/Pages/index.aspx1Bibliography/ReferencesTucker, L., 2012. An Introductory Guide to Anatomy Physiology. 4th ed. London EMS Publishing.John FentonPage 1