National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Policies

National tragedy luck Reduction perplexity PoliciesThe Filipino mishap find Reduction concern propel of 2010 (Re domain scrap 10121) is an modus operandi tone uping the Philippine accident stage on the line diminution and instruction governing body, providing for the subject field fortuity pretend decrease and circumspection framework and institutionalizing the national catastrophe adventure simplification and perplexity plan. Republic displace 10121 was sign by former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on the 27th of May, d well up yr after the demesne was hard hit by typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng leaving the country with high death toll and millions of property expirationes.According to the law, Republic Act 10121 will provide for the study of policies and plans and the experienceation of actions and measures pertaining to each aspects of disaster find reduction and vigilance, including good g everywherenance, peril pass judgmentment and early warn ing, knowledge expression and aw beness raising, reducing underlying try factor ins, and prep atomic number 18dness for egressive reception and early recovery.After the 8.9 magnitude seism and tsunami that struck japan, Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri filed Resolution No.426 postulation the Senate Committee on Natural Resources and the Committee on Climate solicitudeen to determine the implementation of the Philippine catastrophe attempt Reduction centering Act of 2010 , which c whollys for the victimization of a comprehensive program to mitigate the opinions of rude(a) calamities.In an interview with Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri, he said, Almost a form after the enactment of Republic Act No.10121 and with the recent inborn calamities vivid event in the Asian region and nearby countries, it is timely for Congress and our populate to be informed of the status and implementation of the countrys National Disaster run a assay Reduction and Management computer programme . He further said that the Japan earthquake was preceded by a destructive 6.3 magnitude earthquake in Christ-church, spic-and-span Zealand, therefore, there argon some who raised the possibility that a brawny earthquake happening in the Philippines could non be far behind.Senator Edgardo Angara similarly expressed his concern over the countrys ability to address a sanitary earthquake and tsunami at the same time. He withal said that, We atomic number 18 fortunate to waste not been bad ab approach pattern by this calamity which has crippled Japan, despite tot each(prenominal)y their measures to safeguard the people and the bag. yet what if we atomic number 18 not so lucky next time? The Philippines is not nearly as prep bed.In view of challenges and risks that disasters pose in our markliness, a free kick ineder and to a greater extent than than comprehensive response to changes prevailing in the country today stool be achieved through the integration of the C NE (cultural- graphic- sparing) pose for sustainable victimisation. The CNE model is a single underlying unity of understanding not save of political thriftiness simply in addition of its interface with ecology and sociology.Gonzales (2005) mentioned, in his in-depth study of the CNE model, that a balance between culture and disposition is sustenance large-minded and life nourishing. The economic organisation is primarily subsistence with no monetary type of achievement of persons and communities. There is a free flow of free goods from genius than economic goods from the marker system. This phenomenon is the dependency to normal Property Resource by communities. On the other(a), the non dependency to Common Property Resource by communities phenomenon showed rather distinguishable approach. The life giving forces of culture and character have been threatened by imbalances in the system of ordering, ecology, and frugality. There is perceived contradiction between t raditions, industrial interest and survival. economic system on the other end integrates a perceived appointment between subsistence and commercial activities.Statement of the Problem past tense and current studies present a narrow perspective on the blood of National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRMM) policies to culture, nature, and to the nations economy. In the Philippine setting, some studies were directed towards much(prenominal) studies.The inadequacy of existing literature in the Philippines directs us to assessing the degree of integration of the CNE Model in DRMM policies.Objectives of the Study habitual ObjectiveThe study aims to assess the degree of integration of the CNE Model in the DRMM policiesSpecific ObjectivesTo determine if in the current DRRM policies, machine atomic number 18 in place to protect the cultural integrity of conquerable population groups in the event of a disaster.To determine to what finale do programs on pre-disaster prepared ness, response and post-disaster recovery work under the framework of environmental sustainability?To investigate if mechanism are in place to address economic recovery during post-disaster phase. are there policies that make local economies resilient to the do of disaster?To what extent are these policies implemented?Has there been an assessment of economic resiliency nurture in response to disaster?Review of Related LiteratureDisasters pay back great change by disrupting the functioning of a society thus rendering the country incapable of coping through using its get resources as there is a need for outsider avail in order to effectively preserve lives and the environment. Conversely, Natural hazards are natural phenomena that are electromotive force threats to people within a society, structures or economic assets and whitethorn cause disaster. Natural disasters are inevitable and ubiquitous worldwide, they are mainly present in the forms of hurri sack upes, earthquakes, f loods, droughts, and vol back endoes. The great damages ca utilize by natural disasters whitethorn be divided into tierce categories social, economic and environmental. To name a few bouts of disaster are as follows loss of lives and homelessness, disruption of communities, employment (social preserve) march of money being diverted into relief activities and reconstruction, Gross Domestic carre quadruplet (economic electric shocks), food shortage and the contamination of water, loss of homes (social impacts) and the overall impact on the economy as well as assistance received from outsiders (economic impacts).Impacts of Disaster on Culture/SocietyThe social consequences of natural disasters can be far larger than the immediate physical effects of the disaster. Primary damage is the destruction of retraceings and roads, and it is the most diaphanous form of consequence from natural disasters. Secondary, or social, consequences stem from the primary. The impact of natural di sasters is strongly linked with social factors for example, 90 percent of deaths from natural disasters occur in the developing world. The most obvious devastating effect of leaving people homeless, destruction of housing can have other major long-term impacts on a society. health issues have short- and long-term consequences. In most countries of the developing world, the health care infrastructures are already poor, so they simply cannot cope with the strain on resources that natural disasters create. Education is one of the biggest losers in a natural disaster. lose of access to education cannot be under mindd, as it prevents children from receiving adequate training. Political unbalance can last for years after a natural disaster. In the developing world, where responses to natural disasters are limited by poor infrastructure, governments are often blamed for slow action. Political instability can proceed to the break surmount of law, which again severely inhibits the recover y of the local economy, in cost of domestic trade and external investment.Impacts of Disaster on Nature/ purlieuThe impacts of disasters, whether natural or man-made, not only have societal dimensions, however environmental ones as well. Environmental conditions may exacerbate the impact of a disaster, and vice versa, disasters have an impact on the environment. Deforestation, forest precaution practices, cultivation systems etc. can exacerbate the oppose environmental impacts of a act or typhoon, leading to landslides, flooding, silting and ground/surface water contamination. The majority of risks and vulnerabilities that homo are facing have environmental precedence, whether natural or create environments. Human production and consumption patterns lead to environmental degradation, which results in aggravation of natural risks and hazards.Impacts of Disaster on EconomyThe impacts of natural disasters have historically been devastating on economies that do not move to offse t these effects. The economy of the U.S. and Japan are unique in that disaster recovery plans are set up to help offset such(prenominal) economic impacts. Furthermore, some(prenominal) economies are resilient to such shocks given the expectations of such shocks to take place. development countries often do not share the same luxury and cannot suspend the long term economic impacts. The impacts in question are specifically reductions in aggregate supply and demand, with lower levels of output (income), causing set deflations and higher(prenominal) levels of unemployment.Furthermore, the Japanese government on Wednesday estimated the direct damage from a deadly earthquake and tsunami that struck the countrys northeast this month at as much as $310 billion, making it the worlds costliest natural disaster.Tokyo said the estimate covered damage to roads, homes, factories and other infrastructure, and eclipses the losses incurred by other natural disasters such as the 1995 Kobe quake and Hurricane Katrina in 2005.Loayza et al (2011) research physical composition studies several such disasters in both developed and developing countries over the period 1961-2005 to determine their impact on growth. Their focus is on the impact of growth in the medium term, over quintet years. The researchers study four unalike types of natural disasters-droughts, floods, earthquakes and storms-and find that they affect economies differently. Droughts, for instance, have a oppose impact on growth because they lower agricultural production, hamper the homework of raw materials for industry, and also affect electricity generation. Floods, if they do not last too long and are localized, can, however, have a positive effect on growth if they lead to higher agricultural production and great electricity generation. But heres what the paper has to word about the effect of earthquakes Earthquakes may have a positive impact on industrial growth. Although they severely affect both wor kers and capital, earthquakes expoundicularly destroy buildings, infrastructure, and factories. The capital-worker ratio is then sharply diminished, the average (and marginal) product of capital increases, and output grows as the economy enters a cycle of reconstruction. Moreover, if destroyed capital is replaced by a vintage of kick downstairs quality, factor productivity increases, leading to a further push to higher growth.Thats why most analysts (and there is no shortage of armchair analysts on natural disasters these days, they have mushroomed like radiation after a nuclear disaster) have said that piece there will be a short negative impact on the Japanese economy, longer-term growth will be positive as reconstruction starts. Storms, on the other hand, have negative effects on agricultural growth, as crops are destroyed, exclusively their impact on industrial growth is positive, again because of the destruction of capital, which has to be rebuilt later. The authors say t hat while droughts affect the greatest number of people, earthquakes cause the most destruction. The results also depend on the severity of the natural disaster. The authors point out that while moderate earthquakes and storms can have a beneficial reconstruction effect on industrial growth, severe events are so devastating that the loss of capital cannot be compensated by increasing capacity, thus dissipating the potential gains. Overall, any potential positive effects on growth from natural disasters appear to disappear when natural disasters are extreme. And finally, the economies of developing countries are more affected by natural disasters than those of developed countries and the poor are affected the most. The study more or less confirms what is suggested by common sense. But perhaps the most worrying effect of the disaster in Japan has been the danger of radioactive leakage from nuclear plants. If this leads to a shift absent from nuclear energy to oil, that could well hav e much more far-reaching impact, not only on the Japanese economy, exclusively globally as well.Disaster Risk Reduction and Management on a Wider PerspectiveThe world(prenominal) Strategy for Disaster Reduction SystemThe global Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) is a system of partnerships. These partnerships are composed of a broad range of actors, all of which have essential roles to play in encouraging nations and communities to cut disaster risk. Partners include Governments, inter-governmental and nongovernmental organizations, international financial institutions, scientific and proficient bodies and specialized networks as well as civil society and the clannish sector. The Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction is the main assemblage for continued and concerted emphasis on disaster reduction, providing strategical commission and coherence for implementing the Hyogo fabric, and for sharing experiences and expertise among all its stakeholders. A secretariat e the UNISDR secretariat girders and assists the ISDR System in implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action.Purpose of the ISDR systemThe overall documentary of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) system is to generate and support a global disaster risk reduction movement to reduce risk to disasters and to build a culture of prevention in society as part of sustainable development. In pursuit of this objective, the ISDR system supports nations and communities to implement the Hyogo Framework for Action through widened participation of Governments and organizations in the ISDR raising the visibility of disaster reduction in the priorities and programmes of organizations and building a stronger, more arrogant and coherent international effort to support national disaster reduction efforts.United Nations Development Programme (Disaster Reduction Unit)According to UNDP reducing the impact of natural disasters requires a comprehensive approach that accounts for the causes of a societys vulnerability to disasters. not only must a comprehensive strategy be articulated, but the political will must be established to sustain raw(a) policies. The key elements of a comprehensive approach to disaster risk reduction consist ofPolitical will and governance aspects (policies, legal frameworks, resources and organizational structures)Risk identification (risk and impact assessment, early warning)Knowledge precaution (information caution, communication, education training, public sense, research)Risk management applications (environmental and natural resource management, social and economic development practices, physical and technical measures)Preparedness and emergency managementDisaster Risk Reduction and Management in the Philippine ContextDisaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a self-opinionated approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing wi th the environmental and other hazards that actuate them.United Nation agencies such as UNISDR and UNDP define it as The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks end-to-end a society, to exclude (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the unseemly impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development.DRR is such an all-embracing concept that it has proved difficult to define or pardon in detail, although the broad idea is clear enough. Inevitably, there are different definitions of the term in the technical literature but it is generally still to mean the broad development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimise vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society The term disaster risk management (DRM) is often used in the same context and to mean much the same thing a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing risks of all kind s associated with hazards and gentlemans gentleman activities. It is more properly applied to the operational aspects of DRR the practical implementation of DRR initiatives.Republic Act No.10121 defines DRR as the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposures to hazards, falled vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and alter preparedness for adverse events.Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) on the other hand is the systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. prospective disaster risk reduction and management refers to risk reduction and management activities that address and seek to avoid the develo pment of new or increase disaster risks, especially if risk reduction policies are not put in place.Furthermore, the law provides for comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and familiarity-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management through the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF). The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management plan (NDRRMP) on the other hand shall provide for the identification of hazards, vulnerabilities and risks to be managed at the national level disaster risk reduction and management approaches and strategies to be applied m managing said hazards and risks agency roles, responsibilities and lines of authority at all government levels and vertical and horizontal coordination of disaster risk reduction and management in the pre-disaster and post-disaster phases. It shall be in conformity with the NDRRMF.Among the policies of Republic Act No.10121 are as follows(a) Uphold the peoples constitution al rights to life and property by addressing the free radical causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the countrys institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management and building the resilience of local communities to disasters including clime change impacts(b) Adhere to and hook on the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete expression of the countrys commitment to subordinate human sufferings due to recurring disasters(c) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and ciphers(d) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, corporate, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promot e the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community(e) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and the local government units (LGUs), unneurotic with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of communities, and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels(f) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, merged, efficient and responsive disaster risk reduction program incorporated in the development plan at various levels of government adhering to the principles of good governance such as transparentness and accountability within the context of poverty alleviation and environmental protective covering(g) Mainstream disas ter risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, specially in the areas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others(h) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing budget appropriation on disaster risk reduction from national down to local levels towards building a disaster-resilient nation and communities(i) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and witness that communities in conflict zones can directly go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts(j) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender responsive, sensitive to native knowledge syst ems, and respectful of human rights(k) Recognize the local risk patterns crosswise the country and strengthen the capacity of LGUs for disaster risk reduction and management through decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources at the regional and local levels(l) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in mitigating and preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the impact of disasters(m) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), the private sector and volunteers in the governments disaster risk reduction programs towards complementation of resources and effective delivery of services to the Citizenry(n) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters(o) Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid workers, communities, health professionals, government aid agencies, donors, and the media are educated and t rained on how they can actively support breastfeeding in the first place and during a disaster and/or an emergency and(p) Provide maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and economic activities.The CNE ModelThe CNE Model is the integration of the CNE (cultural-natural-economic) factors to sustainable development. The CNE model is a single integral unity of understanding not only of economics but also of its interface with ecology and sociology.Gonzales (2005) mentioned, in his in-depth study of the CNE model, that a balance between culture and nature is life giving and life nourishing. The economic system is primarily subsistence with no monetary type of transaction of persons and communities. There is a free flow of free goods from nature than economic goods from the marker system. This phenomenon is the dependency to Common Property Resource by communities. On the other, the non dependency to Common Property Resource by communities phenomenon showed rather different approach. The life giving forces of culture and nature have been threatened by imbalances in the system of society, ecology, and economy. There is perceived contradiction between traditions, industrial interest and survival. Economic system on the other end integrates a perceived conflict between subsistence and commercial activities.The integration of the CNE model to sustainable development can lead to an eagles view to the prevailing changes in the country today. It does not only focus on one aspect of the task but sees the problem in a wider perspective. It also considers factors like culture, nature, and economy in order to create a more comprehensive approach to a countrys development and sustainability.There had been a lot of literature published with regards to DRRM but does not provide links with assessing the integrati on of the CNE Model to DRRM. There are studies assessing the integration of the environment to DRRM, as well as assessing the integration of the economy to DRRM, but does not get across all the CNE factors.Theoretical and Conceptual FrameworkThe Hyogo Framework for ActionThe Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters was adopted at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, 18-22 January 2005. It provides a strategic and comprehensive global approach to reducing vulnerabilities to natural hazards, and represents a meaning(a) reorientation of attention toward the topic causes of disaster risks, as an essential part of sustainable development, rather than on disaster response alone. It stresses the need for greater political commitment and public awareness, and defines an expected outcome, three strategic goals and five anteriority areas of action. The Frameworks implementation is identified as primarily the responsibility of States, but with the active participation of others such as local authorities, nongovernmental organizations, the scientific community and the private sector. Regional and international communities, including the international financial institutions, the UN system and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), are called on to provide an enabling environment and to support capacity development. The ISDR system undertakes international efforts to reduce disaster risk and includes Governments, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, international financial institutions, scientific and technical bodies, as well as civil society.The Hyogo Framework calls for the following priority actionsEnsure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. (Planning, budgeting and implementing risk reduction policies to avoid settlement in hazardous areas and to ensure tha t hospitals and schools are hazard resistant, for example)Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. (Knowing the risks and taking action involves identifying, assessing and monitor disaster risk and enhancing early warning)Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. (Raising awareness and educating all, through school curricula and sectoral training for instance, to reduce vulnerability)Reduce the underlying risk factors. (Reducing communities vulnerability and risk in sectors through land-use zoning and building codes, by protecting ecosystems and natural defences, and developing insurance and microfinance initiatives)Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. (Being prepared and ready to act including by developing and testing contingency plans, establishing emergency funds and coordination systems)Results and DiscussionsCulture, nature, and economy factors of the CNE Mo del were considered in the formulation of the DRRM policies of the country. One of the policies explicitly state that the country will adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community.In relation to the culture/social, the law integrated this factor by upholding the peoples constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, and by adhering to and adopting the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete expression of the countrys commitment to overcome human sufferings due to recurring disasters.Furthermore, the law integrated the culture factor to the DRRM p olicies by mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can immediately go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts, ensuring that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender responsive, sensitive to indigenous knowledge systems, and respectful of human rights, by developing and strengthening the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters, by providing maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and economic activities.The nature/environment factor on the other hand was the least integrated and considered in the DRRM policies. The only polic y integrated this factor was mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others.In the ISDR, the nature/environment factor was extremely integrated and considered to DRRM policy making. ISDR stated that nature degradation plays a big role to natural disaster occurrences and natural disasters have great impact to environment.Lastly, the economic factor was also integrated in the DRRM policies by incorporating internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and budgets.Integrating economic factor to DRRM policies though in the country was not that highly considered. Unlike for developed countries were economy was highly considered. There had been no policies making the local economies resilient the effects of disasters.Conclusions and RecommendationsIn can be concluded from the study that the CNE factors of the CNE Model to sustainability were integrated in the DRRM policies in the country, however the country put little emphasis on the integration of the nature/environment and economy factors.The CNE Model to sustainability suggests that all the three factors should be considered in DRRM policy making in order to encompass all the aspects needed. Specifically, the nature/environment and economic considerations should be integrated and emphasise in DRRM policies.For instance, DRRM policies should set forth mechanisms that promote and enhance the resiliency of nature/environment and local economies to disasters.Invest in natural resource management, infrastructure development, livelihood generation and so cial protection to reduce vulnerability and strengthen the resilience of rural livelihoods.Protect and enhance ecosystem services through mechanisms such as protected area