Coffee and Starbucks Essay

Starbucks has been the most successful umber chain using their aggressive involution st browsegies to surpass its competitors. Through its expansion, Starbucks has focused on creating a dense meshing of stores all around US, while also opening up juvenile locations all around the world. only, Starbucks aggressive expansion strategies piss posed study threats to its financial health such as tight cashf downcasts, increase debts, misfortunate liquidity ratios and etc. In addition, this approach can exacerbate controversy among close Starbucks stores.Due to the aggressive expansion, Starbucks has lost its internal focus in its core traffic chocolate berry and its unique Starbucks Experience third ordinate. The issues atomic number 18 how Starbucks can stay profitable in the future and at the same time avow its dominant position in the epicurean burnt umber diligence. We have examined the industry outline that focuses on the industry trends, the soaked competitive sur round and followed by a SWOT analysis on Starbucks. Finally, we look at the company strategy analysis that focuses on the Starbucks strategic intent and its strategic position.From these analyses, we recommend a few preferions where Starbucks should pursue pitiable forward in order to avoid further decline and sustain its dominant position. . order Background & History. Starbucks hot chocolate, Tea and spiciness was established in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Zey Siegel and Gordon Bowker in Seattle to sell roasted java beans and coffee machines. (See Exhibit 1 for timeline) At that time, the founders philosophy was to bring home the bacon lofty quality coffee and educate the public the art of appreciating fine coffee.It was the founders resentment and strong commitment on educating the public that attracted Howard Schultz to join Starbucks in 1982 as the head of the marketing department, overseeing the companys retail stores. On oneness of his business trips to Milan, Italy, Schultz stumbled upon an opportunity to revamp Starbucks and shift its focus from its original business activities. Schultzs smart business proposition for Starbucks was to serve freshly brewed coffee at their outlets which he sold to the founders without success.After many unsuccessful attempts, he left the Company. In 1987, Schultz acquired Starbucks from the founders and changed its name to the more abbreviated Starbucks and modified her logo to what we see today. After the acquisition, he introduced the idea of The Starbucks experience to all Starbucks outlets that is to progress to a comfortable atmosphere for patrons to relax. From then on, every Starbucks outlet was the better duplicate of this concept. In 1992, Starbucks had launched an IPO and its common stock was being traded on the Nasdaq.In 1995, Starbucks venture overseas and formed a joint venture with SAZABY Inc to open Starbucks stores in Japan. In 1996, Starbucks first oversea outlet was opened in Tokyo. Today, Starbucks has a total of 7,087 Company snuff itd stores and 4,081 License stores in US. Additionally, it has 1,796 Company operated stores and 2,792 Joint Venture and License store operating in other(a) 43 countries. .Definition of the Industry, Competitors and Scope of Analysis Generally, Starbucks is in the Food and Beverages industry.However for the habit of this authorship, we would define Starbucks to be in the gourmet coffee industry with the following competitors Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf Costa Coffee Caribou Coffee (See Exhibit 2 for a brief drop a line up on reasons for the choice of these competitors and near background information of them) For the purpose of this paper, our analysis depart be focusing on Starbucks in US and Australia. The next section provides an overview of the gourmet coffee industry and the competitive milieu in US and Australia. .Overview of the Industry..Political issues. Generally both the US and the Australia political situation appeared to be well established and stable. This will provide a good platform for both current businesses and clean businesses to operate in. In US, despite the current verge of recession, the political mood is motionlessness likely to favour increased regulation of businesses. In addition, even though international tensions are likely to remain but their impact on political stability and economy will remain minimal. Similarly in Australia, the political climate is likely to remain relatively stable.Although the relationship amidst the federal government and the states had been rocky in the past it has improved subsequently the introduction of a more stable formula for revenue distribution. . scotch makes. US Real sparing evolution is expected to slow from an estimated 4% in 2008 to 3. 8% in 2009. The modest slowdown reflects the impact of overthrow demand from its trading partner. As these outlasts imbalances in the economy and the poor short outlook for growth, it is assumed th at conditions in the US are now recessionary and that growth will remain very weak in 2009.This will in turn affect the GDP and the disposable income of its residents. Australia Traditionally, rapid growth in Australia has been slowdown recently due to recession. Improved monetary and financial management have reduced macroeconomic volatility, but risks and imbalances are present. The low domestic savings rate renders the banking system dependant on unknown financing. The current account deficit is large, and international financial markets may dismay to worry about the underlying causes. Bubble conditions also seem to exist in the housing market..Socio-cultural Forces Consumers Perceptions and Disposable Income. US There had been an increase in coffee consumption in the US market though the rate had slowed down in 2005 posing threats to coffee retailers. Recently, US consumers had increasingly opt for healthier hot drinks such as tea and RTD beverages which affect coffee consump tion rate. The trend is likely to continue, leading to decline in coffee consumption. Australia Coffee sales had experienced quite lukewarm growth from 2000 to 2005.The close of cafe had caused more people to opt for on-trade sales coffee at the cafe instead of home-brewed coffee. According to BIS Shrapnel, people increasingly hunt down to go to cafes for their coffee and there is an increase of 50% within 2 years in coffee consumption. .Technological Forces Technological Developments. Technological changes have created many new products and processes. It cares to reduce costs, improve quality and lead to innovations which in turn benefits consumers as well as organizations.Many organizations in the gourmet coffee industry had recognized the importance of providing wireless internet retrieve and Wi-Fi hotspots to its patrons. These technology advances had created a leisure place for patrons to surf net or hang out after home and work. Most of the organizations had also introduce d automated coffee machines to speed up the brewing process so as to shorten waiting time. To further improve business operations and efficiency, some organizations have also make use of information technology systems to help them run their businesses more smoothly. .Environmental Forces.With major climate changes occurring due to planetary warming, many organizations in the gourmet coffee industry had increased their environment awareness by reduced the usage of disposable cups to serve coffee and increased the use of ceramic mugs. Furthermore, the organizations had also reduced the size of their paper napkins, paper bags and in store garbage bags. The organizations were also encouraged to corrupt Fairtrade certified coffees so as to promote responsible environmental and economic efforts. The following section presents our analysis of gourmet coffee industry with the service of Michael Porters 5 Forces model.. Analysis of Gourmet Coffee Industry- Porter 5 Forces. enrapture ref er to exhibit 3 for the criteria used for the scoring of each forces and an analysis of each forces. Force 1 flagellum of New Entry. Threat of new entry is high. High start up cost come to in purchasing equipments, sourcing for coffee beans and training barista. Strong brand identity leading to high permutation cost for consumers Score 10 Force 2 Threat of Substitutes. Substitutes are gourmet coffee of a unlike brand Current gourmet coffee industries is saturated High switching cost.Threat of substitutes considered to be relatively high Score 6 Force 3 Bargaining berth of Suppliers. Majority of commercially available coffee beans come from a few industrializes countries. Increase the cost of coffee houses in sourcing and gaining access to these high quality coffee beans. Bargaining power of suppliers is relatively high Score 5 Force 4 Bargaining Power of ConsumersBargaining power of customers is relatively immaterial. Current player gained brand allegiance Product differentiat ion helps to retain current customer and attract new customers.However price sensitive customers might seek for cheaper alternative. Score 0 Force 5 Rivalry between Competitors. Intensity of rivalry is moderate. post identity and high switching cost is relatively unfavorable to new player that has just entered the market. Score 3 ConclusionFrom the above analysis, we famed that the threat of new entry, the bargaining power of the supplier and threat of substitutes are relatively high. On the other hand the bargaining power of the consumers is neutral and the intensity of rivalry is moderate. Hence from the above.

Art of War By Sun Tzu Reaction Paper Essay

insolate Tzu has developed a tactics on how to handle war properly with scheme and tactics. In his book fair weather Tzu about the art of war I learned a mess of techniques on how to wage and win a war. He elaborated a lot of ways how to trouncing our enemy besides for me not entirely of his writings about war atomic number 18 applicable knowing that duration and situation atomic number 18 changing. For me there are no external wiseness privy tell us how to act because even previous palmy models and theories are not effective anymore in the realities of the present scenario. hardly still I learned a lot from Sun Tzu uniform how to become a nigh and effective general I batch relate this on my affiliation as an officer in JSWAP and as a class president because as a leader we should beget strategy or plans that will help us achieved our goals. Like creation a general they mustiness be wise enough to create, unionise and train their soldiers in order defeat there e nemy. There are certain guidelines and rules which Sun Tzu developed based on his experienced on war.The first and most important area of waging a war is be after in this area the general must be critical brain in laying his plans on how to defeat their enemies. Like my experiences as a student before taking an exam at school I always plan how to pass the exam so I memorize and do some readings and part of planning knows if my learning and knowledge is good enough to pass the exam. Like in war the general must know if they can defeat their enemy or they will be defeated by their enemy.Analysis and logic at this stage is beauteous import and essential. The leader must have a good understanding in knowing that either they win or lose the battle. The military personnel must be well trained and always ready Sun Tzu mention that it is good that the soldiers must have keen mood because it has a good impact in defeating their enemies. Like in my studies I only do my assignment and ta sk well if Im in the mood because our mood have an impact in all we do.When I was reading the Art of War by Sun Tzu there are question the keep popping up in my mind, is this writing applicable to women and if during their time women our part in the battle as a warrior. Is it possible that women can be a general or a commanding officer especially in our present society and what are the different in men and women as a general? After a hardly a(prenominal) minutes of analyzing I arrived in a certain truth that women can withal be a general in their own ways because the main principle of Sun Tzu is to win a war without warfare. Its just give care mothers who discipline their child without using violence but only use the model of punishment and reinforcement. I can also relate this Art of War by Sun Tzu in our arena who also deals with worry but in different ways like Art of War it talks about how to have effective management in waging a war.I can also relate it in my daily life struggles because sometimes in war or in our own life we choose to surrender and pull back but I believed that it does not mean that I am weak. Sometimes I learn to surrender or retreat when it seems I have big chance of losing a battle by our problem or our enemy. When I ensconce to surrender or retreat it only signifies that I have best plans in defeating my enemies. Sometimes when we know that we cannot win a fight we should retreat and find other ways on how to defeat our enemy in short we need to give time in our training to crystalize us more stronger and make sure that we have enough resources, strategy and as well as manpower in order to defeat all our enemy and may odds favour our battle.

Islamic civilization Essay

Islamic civilization which k directn as golden ages has a lot of contribution in mordent civilization. Islam is a religion which belief in one god Allah also encourages to gain knowledge from the creation of Allah. The death messenger of Islam Muhammad (May peace be upon him) advice his follower to seek knowledge. Islamic scientist and scriptman had contributed a lots in mordent acquirement killing from the aesculapian science , mathematics , architecture , philosophy geography etc. from the two documental Islam and science made by BBC and short film about 1001 invention which recognized the contributions of Islamic civilization in the mordent world.First of wholly blether about the contribution of Islamic tidingsman in mathematics. The language of modern font science still has m all references to Arabic roots. If we discuss about scientific terms like Algebra, Algoriddim, alkaline this word as Arabic. There leave be no mathematic or no physics without Algebra, no compu ting machine without Algoriddim, no chemistry without alkaline. Surprisingly few people in the westernmost today even scientist are aware of this medieval Islamic legacy. except it was not al trends so, from 12th to 17th century European scientism and pupils on a regular basis refers to earlier Islamic text. European world realize that in that respect fashion of doing arithmetic which is essentially based on Roman numerals which was hopelessly inefficient. Muhammad ibn-musa al-khwarizmi showed Europeans a batter way to doing arithmetic. In his book the Hindu Art of count he describes a revolutionary stem. He shows that we can represent any number we like with just ten simple symbols.Which are Indian Arabic digits or symbols to and and in English 1 to 9 and 0, by using this now we represent all the number we like. Al-Khwarizmi created the decimal points at time of translating Indian system to Arabic. By using this decimal now we can describe the fraction numbers not only t he only numbers. Islam always encourage to gain knowledge, prophet Muhammad Sallallaahu alayhi wa sallam, (May peace be upon him), advice his followers to seek knowledge. Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan one of the leader of Islamic empire eighth century (AD) select one common language Arabic to prescript the Islamic empire. Selecting common language is not only for administrative connivance. He realizes the important to gain knowledge. As a result Abd Al Malik start collecting several(predicate) books from different reason as, Greek, Persian and bring those books and empathize to Arabic, this became cognize as translation period. To collect books Abd Al Malik send his messengers different part of the world and anyone who brought a book that he did not experience , he repaid that person by its weight in gold. As a result of translation movement scholars, scientist, physicians in Arab empire was familiar or aware of the latest remedies, innovation, theories introduced by the other scholar from the far forth as India and china.The golden ages of Islam which is time between 8th century to 1258 when Mongolian conquest of Bagdad. Through scholars and scientist of various faiths some of the most important discoveries known to man were invented in this time. Starting from the Islamic scholar Ibn sina , Al Zahrawi in medical science to Al Biruni who determined the surface of the world. Al Rayhan Al Biruni successfully determined the size of the world by using his design or method. To estimate the size of the world Al Biruni social functiond the natural elevation of the mountain and the angle of dip of the flat horizon from the mountain. Ibn al-Haytham , whose idea led to the invention of camera. By explaining who our eyes work Ibn Haytham led the world for modern cameras. Abbas Ibn Firnas who is the first man in the history who believed that man can fly before many years before the Wright brother. On the other hand, not only the male scholar contributed or in vented new engineering in this golden ages. Beside all the male Islamic scholar there was a lots of female scholar contributed a lot by inventing new technology this period.Merriam Al Astrulabi, she invented sophisticated astrolabes which show the sky and the stars on a small flat plate. This used by the navigators, astrologers astronomers for predicting the position of the stars, sun, dream etc. Abu-Ali Husayn Ibn-abdullah Ibn-sina one of the greatest Islamic scholar. In 1025 he completed Al-Qanon fi Al-Tibb (canon of medicine) in it he collected and expanded all that gone before him, medical idea from Greek to India and turns them into a virtuoso work. In this book he describe how human body works, how disease work in general, what are the causes for different disease. Another great scholar in Islamic empire is Abu Al Qasim Al Zahrawi , known as greatest medieval surgeon. Abu Al Qasim Al Zahrawi well has known for his book Al Tasrif and inventing several surgical instruments, wh ich still use in the mordent medical science. In his book Al Tasrif which consists thirty parts and he describe different issues in medical science. The most important part From his book Al Tasrif where he describe different surgical treatment which overwhelm surgery of eye ,ear , removal of stone from bladder etc.In conclusion, at the time of golden ages in Islamic civilization the scholar and scantiest in Islam contributed to science in a large extent. Which gave new theories, methods, scientific innovation in different field. Starting introduce new way to calculate the numbers, inventing instruments for doing surgery, who our boy work and cause of different diseases, determining the size of the world so on. Most of this theories and inventions are still using in the modern science. On the other hand translation period volunteer a great opportunity for the Islamic scientist to gain knowledge and use that knowledge to invent a new ideas.

New Belgium Case Analysis

Introduction The unseasoned Belgium Brewing confederation is angiotensin converting enzyme of the top three maneuver beer breweries in the nation. It has experienced solid harvest from its received entry as a niche merchandise placeer to a nock that is now distributed across the country. Much of sweet Belgiums attender is a response of a hearty-developed positioning strategy that bear ons the partys culture as much as its yield. Not coincidentally, New Belgiums home run market chooses brands like fatten out toil because of both the fraternitys culture and its product.Our evaluation of the two New Belgium facial expressions proves that the line of reasoning deal beer pains remains an attractive investment for the company, particularly because of its specific capabilities and resources. The cases withal allude that a conservative growth outlook has the greatest probability of maintaining an pleasurable level of profitability without sacrificing the company s mission and core values.Finally, New Belgiums positioning, particularly as its exemplified by the flesh out deteriorate c international ampereereaign, is a sustainable one for both current and future brands, though deliberate adaptations testament be necessary as New Belgium expands into brisk markets SWOT Analysis Strengths (New Belgium) Weaknesses (New Belgium) High- fictitious character beer, award-winning beers Association with a single office of beer- blue Tire 7th Largest brewery in the nation, 3rd enormousst chicanery brewery cast up pressure on maintaining company culture as a result of company growth Strong growth with est. ales of anywhere $100B and sales of all over 700K barrels of beer Continued reliance on natural gas and fossil fuels- non-renewable resources $10M advertising compute for Fat Tire campaign No go across of successful Fat-Tire ad campaign Collaboration with Elysian Brewing Company Increasing distribution distances Customer Loyalty Compet ition from craft brewers and craft beers from traditional brewers Effective word-of-mouth advertising Smaller advertising budget ($10M) than competition (surface-to-air missile Adams $35M) Strong product association (Fat Tire Brewery) One of the founders no longer with NBB favorable media presence Facebook (300K $50. M monetization), Twitter (100K), Pandora, Instagram, Beer Stream, YouTube Customer foil back if environmental and accessible responsibleness not as denote TV advertising variediated from traditional breweries Incompatibility between affable responsibility and promotion of alcohol consumption Clear market sectionalization Increased expense associated with sustainability efforts Strong brand positioning Distribution in 29 states and DC Performance advantage of ethically and socially answerable companies Triple Bottom Line economic, social, and environmental focus drives strategy grade manifesto co-developed by Dr. Holt Clear mission, core values, and belief s Long-standing commitment to sustainability sustainable buying Guidelines Awards for environmental turn overment Admission of flaws in sustainability claims Dedication to socially trusty initiatives, corporate charity and philanthropy Event sponsorship to promote environmental responsibility Generous employee benefits that reflect company culture Awards for business ethics and work-place environment Grant- put forwarded new plant in NC Opportunities (Craft Beer assiduity) Threats (Craft Beer Industry) 16. 4 share growth in craft beer attention 2 pct decrease in add up beer consumption Fastest ontogeny segment of US alcoholic swallow market w/>100 percent growth from 1999-2011 Accounts for only 5. percent of US beer market Differentiation from traditional breweries Competition from traditional and former(a) craft breweries Low cost per viewer TV advertising Social stigma of alcohol consumption Growth of social media as low-budget source of advertising Beer can become a commodity in a poor economy, decreasing demand for craft beers Customer commitment Increased differentiation efforts required to stand apart from traditional breweries much(prenominal) immune to an economic downturn than traditional beers New Belgium and the Craft Beer Industry New Belgium Brewing Company is relatively small compared to the traditional breweries such(prenominal) as Anheuser Busch and Coors, though they are still the seventh-largest brewery in the nation. New Belgium is, however, the third-largest craft brewery in the nation, with estimated sales of over $100 million, equaling approximately 700,000 barrels of beer per year. An analytic thinking of the craft beer industry as a whole kick ups that there is proceed growth potential for New Belgium.Exhibit 5. 1 of the New Belgium Brewing (B) case shows that craft beer is the fastest growing segment of the U. S. alcoholic beverage market, with an increase in market share of over 100 percent from 1999-2011. It is excessively an industry whose guests tend to be extremely loyal, making them less in all probability to view craft beer as a commodity. Consequently, craft beer has a high probability of being immune to competition from inferior goods and substitutes.This is particularly relevant to New Belgiums target market of beer connoisseurs that appreciate the high quality and taste of craft beer and who include executives, lawyers, and accountants with the occurd ability to pay higher(prenominal) prices for craft beer, enabling the craft beer industry to achieve gross margins of up to 30 percent (Clark & Rogler, 2013). Four separate strengths of New Belgium indicate continued growth in the craft beer industry. First, studies have shown that companies who sincerely promote ethical, social, and environmental responsibility outperform those on the S&P 500.New Belgium has been such a company from the very start. Second, they have exploited social media as an inexpensive adverti sing platform, with their Facebook presence alone accounting for over $50 million in annual sales. Third, New Belgium has shown that they can succeed in traditional television advertising as well with their Fat Tire campaign that produced an extremely successful positioning strategy resulting in significant sales increases. Fourth, New Belgium continues to look for ways to innovate, like their coalition with Elysian Brewing Company that could lead to greater efficiency and support new product development.New Belgium is a company that has received awards for their beer, for their ethics, for their employee care, and for their stewardship of the environment, all the epoch maintaining unattackable financial growth and market share. There is nothing to counsel that New Belgium cannot continue to succeed in the craft beer industry. New Belgiums Growth Outlook New Belgiums success to date in the industry has been a result of a conservative approach to growing their business- a go slow to go fast strategy. We look at it should continue to be conservative in its outlook on growth.New Belgium Brewing is a growing company, best exemplified by plans to open a second brewery in Asheville, North Carolina, in order to reach new markets on the tocopherolboundmost coast. This expansion, however, is creating pressure on the companys commitment to sustainability. Even though the new plant go out reduce the fuel necessary for east coast distribution, it still will result in an increase in the overall use of fossil fuels and non-renewable resources from current levels, not just with transit but with production as well. In addition, the increased production will necessarily mean an increase in environmental waste by-products.An vulturine outlook on growth with a mindset of grow, grow, grow would unless jeopardize the companys ability to maintain sustainability efforts, which would not be consistent with New Belgiums way of operating. New Belgium Brewing embraces a trip le bottom line approach to business that factors economic, social, and environmental considerations into its business strategy rather than simply looking at the bottom line. We believe that this has been critical in developing a strong brand preference through customer trust.New Belgiums own study indicates the 39 percent of beer consumers will pay back extra efforts to buy from and support sustainable companies, spell outside studies suggest that a significant number of consumers support businesses that question sustainable practices. Going fast with an aggressive growth outlook would believably alienate New Belgiums customer base and would violate every one of New Belgiums Sustainable Branding Strategy principles, from laissez passer before talk (living up to sustainability claims) to make ripples (convincing the customer that advertisements promote the brand and the culture behind it).In addition, an aggressive growth outlook would be perverse to some of New Belgiums core values and beliefs, particularly those that overcompensate environmental stewardship and commitment to trust through fulfilling promises. No one should dubiety that New Belgium is in the business to operate a profitable brewery as its mission statement makes clear, but not at the expense of the other two bottom lines. For New Belgium Brewing Company, slow and steady leads the way. Fat Tire Positioning As noted above, New Belgiums positioning of its Fat Tire brand was a success.Clancy (2001) defines positioning as the put across a company wants to imprint on the minds of customer and prospects or so its productand how it differs from and offers something better than competitors (p. 1). In the case of Fat Tire, its positioning mirrored the companys culture where a highly creative activityis engage for the intrinsic value of doing it, as well as perfromed in a balanced manner with nature. The message was to the highest degree pursuing ones interests (folly) but not in a way that reflects self-interest alone.Its a message about recycling (restoring the bike), about caring for the environment ( riding instead of driving), about relationships (the road biker and the twiddler riding uphill together), and about the simple joy of simple things. Its about good beer made by a literally good company. compare this approach with the positioning of the largest craft brewer, Sam Adams, whose ads have morphed into television vagrant that look more and more like the position of Americas large-scale Three brewers. The Fat Tire ad, on the other hand, cleary demonstrates that New Belgium is different than its competitors in the culture behind the beer, and thats what New Belgium is after- the market who not only wants high quality, excellent craft beer but who also wants to be associated with a high quality company behind it. The Fat Tire campaign produced increased sales of 37 percent in test markets, and New Belgiums sales force was able to supplement this success by c onvincing transactional customers to promote New Belgiums subaltern brands, increasing these sales by over 50 percent (Holt & Cameron, 2010).Given the results of the Fat Tire campaign, we recommend a continuation of the current positioning. through and through Fat Tire, New Belgium has been able to differentiate itself in the craft beer industry by producing strong products that are well received by their target customers who are, or who see themselves as, smart, creative, athletic, environmentally conscious, and socially engaged. Target Markets The target consumer customer marketing strategy for the Fat Tire campaign focuses on the market concentration approach of selecting a single market segment and so identifying shared segmentation factors.For example, the campaign targets high-end (psychographic, behavioral) male beer drinkers ages 25-44 (demographic) who are mostly clerical professionals (demographic) who vacation in Colorado (geographic) for a taste of the mountain li fe-style (psychographic). This market longs for the life of the tinkerer (psychographic) but believe that they are uneffective to sacrifice their current circumstances in order to obtain it (psychographic). They can, however, make a connection to that life and to others in sympathetic situations (psychographic, association/affinity) by drinking Fat Tire (behavioral).The transactional customer, on the other hand, is likely to be the local anesthetic liquor store or grocer rather than supermarket or large retail discount center. For one, such distributors are more apt to assume craft beers because of their higher price and lower sales volume. More importantly, it is more probable that they are susceptible to local demands to carry New Belgium beers, the tolerant that result from the example noted by the case where a local Minnesota liquor store sold 400 cases of Fat Tire with the first hour of opening.Recommendations for the Future Looking toward the future, the cases note that Ne w Belgium has no plans to undertake another major television ad campaign similar to Fat Tire. We recommend that they reconsider this position, particularly as they move into the east coast market and open their Asheville brewery. Taking a pure accretion approach by replicating current strategy there will in all likelihood not produce the success to which New Belgium has become accustomed.Having recently analyse the early failures of Disney in Europe due to a lack of adaptation, we suggest a television ad campaign modeled after a listening tour, perhaps where the tinkerer and his single-speed bike tours the Carolinas, finding compatriots along the way. The tagline could be, Beer is our folly. Whats yours? The television ads would promote contact with New Belgium via social media, and local events would be sponsored to share New Belgium beer and culture with the east coast market, as well as to learn more about their new target market.Based upon what New Belgium learns, we also re commend developing a new craft beer specifically for the east coast market, fulfilling the transformational innovation activities of the Innovation Ambition Matrix (Limacher, 2012). We consider this campaign then developing television spots that show the tinkerer traveling through locations from the Maine coast to the Key West, with quick images of him restoring old junked treasures that lay out the follies he previously learned about- a wooden canoe, an Appalachian fiddle, or an antique Penn ocean reel- all the while promoting New Belgiums new brand.In addition to television ads, New Belgium would continue its established strategy of consent marketing using social media, which they have clearly established as having a strong correlation with annual sales. We project that if New Belgium follows this Sustainable Branding Strategy with an emphasis on adaptations to the new market, it will achieve success similar to the results from the Fat Tire campaign. Conclusion New Belgium is self-collected for significant growth because of the way that it has differentiated the company from other craft brewers.Despite a smaller advertising budget that larger competitors like Sam Adams, New Belgium has leveraged its advertising resources into developing a position that is distinctly different, which has created strong brand appeal among its target market. If New Belgium can maintain its original principles as it grows, we see a high likelihood that profits will follow. New Belgiums single speed is absolutely the right fomite to transport the company into the future. References Clancy, K. 2001). Whatever happened to positioning Recent Copernicus study confirms the dissappearance of positioning. Copernicus. Clark, C. , & Rogler, J. (2013, March 8). Personal Interview. (M. Holcomb, Interviewer) Holt, D. , & Cameron, D. (2010). Cultural Strategy Using forward-looking Ideologies to Build Breakthrough Brands. New York Oxford University Press. Limacher, R. (2012, May 25) . Framework of the week 81 -innovation ambition matrix. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from strategyhub. net

Education of Pakistan Essay

Introduction teaching method has always been considered as one of the briny factors for socioeconomic and subsequently the matter development because of its superpower to raise the calibre and productivity of the human capital. gentility besides creates aw beness, tolerance, self-importance esteem and confidence, which empower people to defend their rights, reduce p everyplacety and dissimilarity and improve in health, status and good governance in writ of execution of socio economic policies.It overly enables the people to protect their ideological inspiration and wait on in developing national cohesion. line of descent Wikipedia, MoE GoP commandment in Pakistan is overseen by Ministry of grooming of Government of Pakistan. The academic institutions atomic number 18 the responsibility of the eclogue governments whereas the federal official government mostly assists in syllabus development, accreditation and some finance of look. primer coatThe Government of Pakist an recognizes reading as one of the fundamental rights of a citizen as well as extends its commitment to lead access to grooming to either citizen. correspond to the Constitution of the Islamic Re overt of Pakistan, the State is responsible, to provide grassroots necessities of animateness, such as, food, clothing, housing, tuition and medical relief, for completely citizens, irrespective of sex, caste, creed or race, 38 (d) to remove illiteracy and provide drop and compulsory secondary knowledge indoors minimum possible period. 37 (b). In this condition, the general sector has invested in knowledge in two urban as well as in countrified areas, and in formal as well as non-formal institutions. The conterminous sector also participates, though on a peculiar(a) scale, in extending rearing and has established formal prepares, mostly located in urban localities. Besides, some nongovernmental organizations and non-profit organizations also offer immemorial instru cting, both at a lower place the formal as well as non-formal systems. St historic periods of formal pedagogy.The facts of life in Pakistan is chiefly divided into five levels primary ( sends one through five) warmness (grades six through eight) juicy (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary rail Certificate or SSC) intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a blue Secondary (School) Certificate or HSC) and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees. capital bringing upal activity Only 63% of Pakistani children finish primary naturalize program line. Furtherto a greater extent, 68% of Pakistani boys and 72% of Pakistani girls reach grade 5. The measure national system of grooming is mainly inspired from the British system.Pre- aim education is designed for 3-5 years old. After pre- shoal education, students go through junior school from grades 1 to 4. This is preceded by middle school from grades 5 to 8. The two normally used indicator s for measuring changes in primary and middle schooling are the Gross Enrolment pose (GER and nett Enrolment Rate (NER). The uncreated education is divided into the following three st senesces. i) Pre- original upbringing Pre- primeval educational activity is an st straddlegic component of Early Childhood Education (ECE), Prep or Kachi classes of children having age of 3-4 years. An gain of 2.6 % in Pre-Primary inscription (8. 434 trillion) in 2008-09 over 2007-08 (8. 218 trillion) has been sight and during 2009-10, it is figured to increase by 2. 2 portion out. Primary Education (Classes I V) A topic of 156,653 Primary Schools with 465,334 Teachers are practicable. An increase of 0. 6 % in Primary enrolment (18. 468 million) in 2008-09 over 2007-08 (18. 360 million) has been observed and during 2009-10, it is estimated to increase by 1. 3 percent. Middle Education (Classes VI-VIII) A number 40,919 Middle Schools with 320,480 Teachers are functional . A decrease of 0.2 % in middle enrolment (5. 414 million) in 2008-09 over 2007-08 (5. 426 million) has been observed and during 2009-10, it is estimated to increase by 0. 6 percent. founts 1. Figures of Primary, Middle, High and high Sec. from 1992-93 to 2007-08 is found on yearbook Pakistan Education Statistics Reports, AEPAM, Islamabad 2. Figures of forget Colleges and spot Colleges for 2004-05 and onwards is found on Annual Pakistan Education Statistics Reports, AEPAM, Islamabad 3. Figures of cloak-and-dagger School data from 1992-93 to 1999-2000 is based on 8th Five grade Plan Planning Division, Pakistan 4.Figures of offstage School data from 2000-01 to 2004-05 is based on Census of Private Education Institution 1999-2000, Federal Bureau of Statistics, Ibd 5. Figures of Private School data of 2005-06 onward is based on depicted object Education Census, 2005 AEPAM, Ministry of Education, Islamabad Secondary education Secondary education in Pakistan begins from grade 9 and lasts for four years. After end of each of the four school years, students are required to pass a national examination administered by a shareal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (or BISE).Education intermediate indicators include functional unexclusive schools, basic facilities in public schools, posts filled against sanctioned strength in public schools and percentage of deft teachers in these schools. Number 24,322 Secondary Schools with 439,316 Teachers are functional. An increase of 2. 9 % in middle enrolment (2. 556 million) in 2008-09 over 2007-08 (2. 484 million) has been observed and during 2009-10, it is estimated to increase by 5. 6 percent. Sources Figures of Primary, Middle, High and high Sec.from 1992-93 to 2008-09 is based on Annual Pakistan Education Statistics Reports, AEPAM, Islamabad Figures of Inter Colleges and class Colleges from 2004-05 onward is based on Annual Pakistan Education Statistics Reports, AEPAM, Islamabad Tertiary education According to the OECDs 2009 spheric Education Digest, 6. 3% of Pakistanis (8. 9% of males and 3. 5% of young-bearing(prenominal)s) were university graduates as of 2007. Pakistan plans to increase this encounter to 10% by 2015 and subsequently to 15% by 2020. There is also a great deal of variety between the different age cohorts.Less than 6% of those in the age cohort 55-64 have a degree, compared to 8% in the 45-54 age cohort, 11% in the 35-44 age cohort and 16% in the age cohort 25-34. An enrolment of 1. 147 million is estimated in 2009-10 over 1. 074 million in 2008-09 and 959,690 in 2007-08. 3,291 Higher Secondary Schools / Inter Colleges with 76,184 Teachers are functional Sources Figures of Technical & group A Vocational from 2003-04 onward is based on Pakistan Education Statistics Reports, AEPAM, Islamabad Figures of Universities from 1992-93 to 2007-08 was downloaded from website of HEC, Islamabad (www. hec. gov. pk) Quaternary education.Many get the better ofs degree programs only requ ire one and a one-half years of study. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) education is also available in selected areas and is usually pursued after earning a Masters degree. Students engage PhD degrees must choose a specific field and a university that is doing research work in that field. PhD education in Pakistan requires at least 35 years of study. An enrolment of 458,835 students is evaluate during 2009-10 in Degree Colleges over 429,251 in 2008-09 and 383,810 in 2007-08. 1,238 Degree Colleges with 21,176 Teachers are functional and 205 unfermented Degree Colleges have been added since July 2008.Universities Education (Classes XV onwards) An enrolment of 948,364 is estimated in 2009-10 in Higher Education over 803,507 in 2008-09. In order to boost-up higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education four new universities have been established during the year 2009-10 making the lend number to 132 universities with 50,825 Teachers in both Private and Public Sectors Sources Figures of Technica l & Vocational from 2003-04 onward is based on Pakistan Education Statistics Reports, AEPAM, Islamabad Figures of Universities are provided by Higher Education Commission (HEC), Islamabad (www. hec. gov. pk).Spending on education As a percentage of gross domestic product, Pakistan spends only 2. 9% of it on Education. However, the government recently approved the new national education policy, which would takings in education being allocated 7% of the GDP. The government plans to raise the literacy rate to 85% by 2015. In accordance with the target identify by the Millennium Development Goals for Pakistan and EFA Education for all. Public Expenditure on Education as percentage to GDP is lowest in Pakistan as compared to other(a) countries of the South Asian region. According to official data, Pakistan allocated 2.5% of GDP during 2006-07, 2. 47% in 2007-08, 2. 1% in 2008-09 and 2. 0 % in 2009-10 which shows persistent declining trend. According to UNESCOs EFA Global observe Report 2009, the Public Sector usance on Education as percentage of GDP, in other countries of the region was 2. 6% in Bangladesh, 3. 2% in Nepal, 3. 3% in India, 5. 2% in Iran and 8. 3% of GDP in Maldives. The breakup of investment in education by the Federal Government and the Provinces for the year 2009-10 is given. pic Ministry of Education pic Education statistics, ministry of education Objectives/ Goals. Promote the educational and economic hobbys of backward classes or areas with redundant care. Remove illiteracy, and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period. Make technical and professional education generally available on merit. Enable the people of different areas, through education, learn to participate fully in all forms of national activities, including employment in the service of Pakistan. Decentralize the Government administration to facilitate expeditious electric pig of its business to meet the convenience and requireme nts of the public. Ensuring that the learning needs of all offspring people and fully growns are met through straightforward access to appropriate learning, life skills and citizenship programmes Achieving 50% improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, specially for women, and equitable access to basic and continuing education for adults Improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence of all so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, particularly in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills. Ensuring that by 2015 all children with special fierceness on girls and children in difficult helping have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality. Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2015 and achieving gender equal access to and performance in basic education of good quality. Improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence of all so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills. Source MoE website.Situation analysis pic GER at primary education The primary-level GER for children 5-9 years old, excluding katchi16 class, according to the PIHS, was 72 percent in FY 2001/02. Sound distribute has been made so far in up(p) both GER and NER and is translucent when the comparison is made between FY 2000/2001 and FY 2006/07 based on PSLM. The PSLM results are encouraging in many aspects. The boilersuit increase in primary school GER is impressive in PRSP period, from 72 percent in FY 2001/02 to 91 percent in FY 2006/07 The role of the private sector in primary education has increase overtime.Of the ingrained primary level GER of 87 percent in FY 2005/06, the government school GER was 57 percent and private school GER 30 percent. The government school GER change magnitude by 15 percent between FY 2001/02 and FY 2005/06 perio d man the private school GER increased by 33 percent during this period. It suggested, on the one hand, that new enrolment has taken place in both public and private schools. On the other hand, the relatively higher increase in private school GER suggested some shifting of children from public to private schools.However the PSLM shows that the coverage of the public school system increased to 69 percent in FY 2006/07 compared to 65 percent in FY 2005/06 but witnessed an overall decline from 72 percent in FY 2004/05 to 69 percent in FY 2006/07. Source Annual Report, SPRSM Isb. parting change in education from year 2000-2001 to 2008-2009 Education related expenditures in FY 08-09 recorded increase of 28. 10 percent relative to FY 07-08 with largest increase in Others followed closely by Secondary and Primary Schools.There is considerable idyl variation in the sub sectors of education Punjab achieving highest percentage increase in Secondary and nonrecreational Education in Khayber Pakhtoonkhwa, two sub sectors of higher education, General University and professional education taking precedence over primary education Baluchistan and Sindh expenditures in Technical and Vocational Training depicts increase in FY 08-09 as compared to year 07-08. Statistics show that Primary and Secondary Education perceptiveness major share in total education related expenditures.Professional education and Vocational Trainings hold least share in years 08-09. A uniform pattern emerges at the provincial level with Primary and Secondary Education contributing the most to respective aggregate provincial education expenditures. In university/college education, all the provinces exhibit identical trend with a share of 8-10 percent while professional education depicts highest share of 7. 85 percent in the year 08-09.Teacher and Vocational Training imbibe the least contribution in all but two provinces Baluchistan with 1. 96 percent and Punjab with 2.93 percent of aggregate educatio n expenditures. Percentage distribution of education expenditures in FY 08-9 and FY 08-09 by province Federal Punjab Sindh KBRPKTNKWA Baluchistan Pak ist an Primary Education 6. 2 37. 4 40. 71 38. 01 34. 9 32. 4 Secondary Education 08. 52 24. 21 29. 24 38. 88 31. 64 24. 68 University/College 63092 8. 21 11. 97 8 9. 63 19. 3 Professional Technical universities 10. 81 1. 78 5. 26 7. 85 4. 94 5. 13 Techs & Voc gentility . 16 2. 9 0. 77 0 1.96 1. 53 Others 10. 39 25. 23 12. 05 7. 2 16. 93 16. 9 Total snow 100 100 100 100 100 Source Annual Repot SPRS monitor Islamabad. Literacy According to the latest Pakistan Social and Living Standards quantity (PSLM) Survey 2008-09, the overall literacy rate (age 10 years and above) is 57% (69% for male and 45% for female) compared to 56% (69% for male and 44% for female) for 2007-08. The data shows that literacy remains higher urban areas (74%) than in rural areas (48)and is prevalent for men (69%) Compared to women (45%).However, it is evident from the data that overall female literacy is raising over time, but progress is uneven across the provinces. When canvas provincially, literacy rate in Punjab stood at (59 %), Sindh (59%), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (50%) and Balochistan at (45%). The literacy rate of Sind and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has improved well during 2007-08 to 2008-09. According to the data, the overall school attendance, as measured by the Net Enrolment Rate (NER), for 2008-09 was 57% as compared to 55% in 200708.All the provinces have shown an increasing trend, with Sindh recording the highest increase, followed by both Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was well as Balochistan. Nationally, the Gross Enrolment Rate (GER), sometimes referred to as the participation rate, which is the number of children attending primary school (irrespective of age) divided by the number of children who ought to be attending, in case of both male and female saw no change and remained at 91% between 2007-08 and 2008 09.Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have shown Noticeable increase in the respective period. According to latest Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2008-9 the literacy rate (age 10 years and above) is 57% (69% for male and 45% for (female) compared to 56% (69% for male and 44% for female) for 2007-08. The data shows that literacy remains higher in urban areas (74%) than in rural areas (48%), and is more prevalent for men (69%)compared to women (45%).However, it is evident from the data that overall female literacy is rising over time, but progress is uneven across the provinces. When analyzed provincially, literacy rate in Punjab stood at (59 %), Sindh (59%), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (50%) and Balochistan at (45%). The literacy rate of Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has improved considerably during 2007-08 to 2008-09 According to the data, the overall school attendance, as measured by the Net Enrolment Rate (NER), for 2008-09 was 57% as compared to 55% in 2007-08.All the provinces have shown an increasing trend, with Sindh recording the highest increase, followed by both Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as well as Balochistan. Nationally, the Gross Enrolment Rate (GER), sometimes referred to as the participation rate, which is the number of children attending primary school (irrespective of age) divided by the number of children who ought to be attending, in case of both male and female saw no change and remained at 91% between 200708 and 200809.Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have shown noticeable increase in the respective period. pic pic Source Annual Pakistan Education Statistics Reports, AEPAM, Islamabad National Education constitution 2009 The new National Education Policy (NEP) 2009 has been formulated after lengthy reckoning initiated way back in 2005. NEP formulation work out remained almost torpid during the years 2007 and 2008, owing to fluctuating political situation.The present Government re-activated the NEP process and convened 15th Inter-Pro vincial Education subgenus Pastors (IPEM) Meeting in February 2009 at Islamabad to share the draft NEP and getting machineing partners new political and bureaucratic leadership of education departments of provinces as well as other federating units on board. After establishing consensus at aforesaid IPEM meeting, a summary for the Cabinet on National Education Policy 2009 (NEP 2009) was submitted to Cabinet Division in earlier March 2009, which was considered by the Federal Cabinet on 8th April 2009.The Honourable Prime Minister directed Ministry of Education (MoE) to share the Policy document with all stakeholders for evolving more broad-based policy actions. MoE also made a presentation before the National Assembly Standing Committee on Education, which endorsed most of the policy actions contained in NEP 2009. Finally, Cabinet in its meeting held on September 9th, 2009 approved NEP 2009. A shift has been made by making national policy a truly national rather than a federal matter.For this, it has been recommended that the Inter-Provincial Education Ministers (IPEM) Conference, with image of all the federating units, will be the highest body to oversee progress of education in the country. Problems Of Educational systems of Pakistan. 1- Academic Problems Inefficient use of available elections. unequalised distribution of Faculties among Public & Private Sector Lack of Monitoring Lack of standardization of Private Universities. Emphasize on quantitative education rather than qualitative aspect of education. Inadequate attention to research and maintain for it. 2- Management Problems Ineffective governance and management structures and practices. Inefficient Regulatory stairs Strong skepticism about the realization of reform Politicization of faculty, staff and students unforesightful recruitment practices and inadequate development of faculty and staff. 3- Practical Problems Lack of internship facilities for students of higher Educati on institutions and universities. Week coordination between Universities and industrial, agricultural, and other sectors of the economy.4- Financial Problems Inadequate funding. Un modify fee structure of private universities No share of Foreign require investment in Education sector No concept of Debt pecuniary backing in Education sector 5- Social Problems Lack of moral training in Higher Education Institutions Promoting Westernization on the name of Modernization Creating neighborly misbalances EFA Education For All Financing education, in general, and especially in the context of the six goals of EFA has Emerged as a key area, which needs urgent attention. more than specifically, the study attempts toi) develop a sound financing plan, based on the fiscal requirements and available resources to meet EFA targets in the country ii) accurately estimate the financial resources gap, and serve as a credible instrument to betoken the magnitude of assistance required from external development partners iii) understand the financial management procedure prevalent in the country (under a devolved set up, if any)iv) capture the essence of public private partnerships in vogue and its financial implications /benefits through case studies and v) Recommend a set of suggestions to improve education finance related to financial management procedures, collaboration between conglomerate government departments, coordination with private sector / NGOs and civil society and effectiveness of donor assistance.Based on information obtained from provincial community census reports and population projections by NIPS, the net enrolment in primary education is judge to reach 17. 536 million students in 2015/16. Of these, 9. 041 million will be boys and 8. 495 million will be girls. The total equal of primary education to be incurred by the public sector is estimated to be around Rs. 955,571 million, with Rs. 582,300 million communicate to maintain the present part icipation rate and Rs. 373,271 million to finance the supernumerary students for the achievement of the EFA goal related to universal primary education. The total comprise of achieving 86% adult literacy rates for all Pakistani males and females is Rs.208,197 million while the total make up of achieving a participation rate of 50% in early childishness education for both boys and girls in both urban and rural areas is Rs. 48,329 million. The total bill for achieving EFA goals and targets by 2015/16 is, therefore, about Rs. 1,212,097 million. Problems The main question arising is whether this bill can be met from domestic resources? In Pakistan the unquestioning amount of budget allocated to education is low. Although education enjoys the highest priority on the friendly sector agenda, in so far parcelings are relatively modest due to the inner rigidities in the financial system of Pakistan, arising from more imperativeness commitments of the country.As national expenditure s have always far exceeded revenue collections, fiscal deficits have remained high. To close the resource gap, there has been a historical heavy reliance on external borrowing. In addition, the present geo-political situation of the country is such that high disproof allocations are required for maintaining security and national sovereignty. As such, interest payments and defense expenditures make up bulk of expenditures. During the last(prenominal) four years, defense expenditures and interest payments consumed about one-fifth and one-third of total expenditures. The amount fagged on social, economic and community services is approximately 15 % of total expenditure. Estimates suggest that of this, almost one-half i. e.about 7%-8% is spend on education.Projections of the financial resources available to meet EFA targets in the three themes, i. e. , primary education, adult literacy, and early childhood education for the thirteen years show that the total budgetary resources avai lable by 2015/16 would be Rs. 786,005 million. Given the financial requirements of Rs. 1,212,097 million, the resulting financing gap is to the melody of Rs. 426,092 million. It may be highlighted that these estimates include an annual medium additive cost of achieving Given the financial requirements of Rs. 1,212,097 million, the resulting financing gap is to the tune of Rs. 426,092 million.It may be highlighted that these estimates include an annual average additional cost of achieving UPE by 2015/16 of US $495 million, which compares well with the average annual additional cost of achieving UPE by 2015 for Pakistan estimated by international agencies such as UNICEF (US $790. 38m) UNESCO (US $394. 91 m) and the World Bank (US $660. 69 m. ). However, if a more idealistic rise based on good quality i. e. , five-classroom in urban and two-classroom in rural model schools, is considered, the financing gap is considerably higher and expected to exceed Rs. 2,031,292 million. How the se problems can be met? Recommendations? Problems in education can be solved by solving following series of effective approaches. much resource generation and higher budgetary allocation to education The major issue in education finance in Pakistan is the low public sector investment.Although education enjoys the highest priority on the social sector agenda, yet allocations are relatively modest due to the intrinsic rigidities (such as resource constraints, large establishment bills due to a large salaried hands and heavy debt interest repayments) in the financial system of Pakistan, arising from more pressing commitments of the country. Public sector allocations to education have steadily declined over the past five years from 2. 7% of GDP in 1995-97 to 1. 8% of GDP in 2001/02. It is, therefore, recommended that all efforts should be made to enhance the budgetary allocation to education to 4% of GDP, as suggested in the National Education Policy (1998).In addition, innovative ap proaches should be designed to generate additional resources for increased funds for the education sector, especially to primary education, adult literacy and early childhood education if Dakar targets have to be met by 2015. Higher rest of development spending in education At present, an extremely high proportion (over 95%) of education budgets at the provincial levels are spent on recurrent heads, particularly on salaries of teaching staff, with negligible proportions i. e. , under 5%, remaining for development expenditures due to avoidable delays and budgetary cuts in view of shortfall in resources. It is recommended that besides improving these procedures, more emphasis should be placed on quality improvements such as teachers training, curriculum development, assessment systems and overall supervision of sales pitch of education. Higher participation of the NGO and private sectors Though considerable progress has been observed during the past cristal in the participation of NGO and private sectors in the field of education, especially primary and university education, but more involvement of NGOs and private organizations would benefit the delivery of educational services .To facilitate this, the national and provincial education foundations also need to play a more active role in guiding and coordinating NGOs and private organizations in adopting public schools and supporting rural community schools to achieve rapid progress in achieving the Dakar goals. be of such arrangements needs to be worked out in greater gunpoint and its implications for the financing gap of meeting EFA goals up to 2015. Also, it is essential for the government to provide a legal and policy framework as well as a regulatory mechanism for a realistic and sustainable public-private partnership. give efforts to seek required foreign assistance In view of its commitments to the achievement of EFA goals, the Government of Pakistan has developed a National Plan of Action (NPA) on Education for All for the period 2001-2015, supported by the study based on estimates of financial need and availability of resources, incorporating targets, strategies and investment requirements of primary education, adult literacy and early childhood education.The gap in financial resources required to implement this plan is enormous and will, most certainly, have to be met from external assistance. It is, therefore, recommended that efforts should be made to obtain the required assistance through grants, loans, debt SWAP and/or Fast Tracking Initiative (FTI). Based on the EFA goals of universal free and compulsory primary education of good quality, the study estimates the total cost requirement of the achieving these goals by 2015/16.The total cost on primary education to be incurred by the public sector is estimated to be around Rs. 955,571 million, with Rs. 582,300 million projected to maintain the present participation rate and Rs. 373,271 million to finance the additional s tudents for the achievement of the EFA goal related to universal primary education. pic Source Research paper on Education for all ministry of education, GoP Challenges Declare education as the highest priority of the government.Explain that unless the impediments of illiteracy and lack of education are removed, the road to democracy will remain fraught with the danger of ontogenesis of.

Paternalistic Family Essay

I have came from a strict family. My household was based of 2 boys and tierce girls. But I would understand that yes, I came from a paternalistic family. until now though it was more girls than boys, my brothers was older and things were different. My father having a strict scope he raise me and my siblings by strict rules. The men were to protect the women. And the women was raised to determine, clean, and become a ideal housewife. Growing up I wouldnt think that I had a good childhood because I couldnt have many friends.I couldnt hang with any males in time male cousins, uncles, or whoever. And my father would always tell his girls Im just loose you the tools you need to protect your self. I never understood that. Until now. I would say that my brothers had more freedom than the girls, and it wasnt because of their age. It was because of their sex. And my father wasnt the only hotshot who was that strict it was all my uncles and great cousins. So that kind of destroyed my descent with my family when I grew up. Because I just dont raise my daughters to cook and clean and become a good wife to a man.I raise all my kids the same boys and girls to grow up and take tutorship of their things. My kids have the same curfew and same responsibilities. But growing up in a paternalistic family have some advantages too. There are things you could do now that would benefit your future self, at the expense of your present self. If a paternalist really does have a lower discount rate in this way, they could justify all kinds of interventions that benefit someones future self preventing suicide, reducing smoking, encouraging exercise, requiring people to save for emergencies and retirement, and so on.

Good or Bad?

Good or Bad? Do you ever so wonder if you argon sincere or no- full? The emf for brutal sc ars many nation. Most people these twenty-four hourss strive to be the surpass they can be. They want to bring in excellence and do the best(p) to their ability, except they do evil acts that make them the total opposite. Throughout report kind-hearteds have shown that they can be evil however, in that respect atomic number 18 to a greater extent people that possess a trait of being inviolable. in that respect are many ways people can be render as being estimable. One of those ways would be someone doing a courageous act in the face of adversity.For example, when the Pilgrims came to the United States, they had no root word what they were channelting themselves into. Many things couldve happened to them when they came here, save they came here anyways. Another could be the soldiers, from the phalanx to the Marines to the Air Force to the Navy they all serve a excess p urpose in the gentlemans gentleman. While risking their lives, they are saving ours and protect our country. Firemen and guard have an abundance of courage saving our lives as comfortably as soldiers.They are all out in the world hard to hold back our lives. Sometimes you may not want to be good or act that way, but it is always the right thing to do. In the world, there is a considerable amount of people in the world who are in fact evil. They might not figure it frequently, but they are. One way could be using your anger and turn of stock-stillts into furiousness. strength can be used toward humans and even animals. Chris cook lace up Rihanna for doing absolutely nothing is a form of violence toward humans.Animals get kicked around, shouted at, and even belittled by humans all(prenominal) day without it going noticed. They are just as much a initiate of the world as humans are, and they should never be treat this way. The fact that they cant defend themselves makes it even worse. Would you like it if you were in their smear and couldnt defend yourself? Violence is never the answer even when you bet it is. There are ways for good and evil to coexist as one. Your self is the way you feel or see yourself.This could be good in ways and bad in others. A good self-importance can make you strive to be a let out human and to strive for punter things in life. Unlike having a good ego, bad egos or an over inflated ego is when others forecast that you are better than everyone else. Therefore, you have fewer friends than you would like to have because people dont want to be friends with someone who thinks that they are better than everyone else. Everyone is equal, therefore you should never try and act like youre better than others.Good or Bad?Good or Bad? Do you ever wonder if you are good or bad? The potential for evil scares many people. Most people these days strive to be the best they can be. They want to have excellence and do the best to th eir ability, but they do evil acts that make them the total opposite. Throughout history humans have shown that they can be evil however, there are more people that possess a trait of being good. There are many ways people can be depicted as being good. One of those ways would be someone doing a courageous act in the face of adversity.For example, when the Pilgrims came to the United States, they had no idea what they were getting themselves into. Many things couldve happened to them when they came here, but they came here anyways. Another could be the soldiers, from the Army to the Marines to the Air Force to the Navy they all serve a special purpose in the world. While risking their lives, they are saving ours and protecting our country. Firemen and Police have an abundance of courage saving our lives as well as soldiers.They are all out in the world trying to save our lives. Sometimes you may not want to be good or act that way, but it is always the right thing to do. In the worl d, there is a considerable amount of people in the world who are in fact evil. They might not realize it frequently, but they are. One way could be using your anger and turning into violence. Violence can be used toward humans and even animals. Chris Brown beating up Rihanna for doing absolutely nothing is a form of violence toward humans.Animals get kicked around, shouted at, and even belittled by humans every day without it going noticed. They are just as much a part of the world as humans are, and they should never be treated this way. The fact that they cant defend themselves makes it even worse. Would you like it if you were in their position and couldnt defend yourself? Violence is never the answer even when you think it is. There are ways for good and evil to coexist as one. Your ego is the way you feel or see yourself.This could be good in ways and bad in others. A good ego can make you strive to be a better human and to strive for better things in life. Unlike having a good ego, bad egos or an over inflated ego is when others think that you are better than everyone else. Therefore, you have fewer friends than you would like to have because people dont want to be friends with someone who thinks that they are better than everyone else. Everyone is equal, therefore you should never try and act like youre better than others.

Organizational Behavior-Syllabus Essay

I. Course instructionIntelligence and technical acquaintance allow for only take you so far in your work and private lives. My goal is to introduce you to trend in organization (and of organizations) in a way that stresses you personal behavioural skill development. In some other words, the course should serve well you survey your strengths and weaknesses and allow for stress how you can enhance and improve your management skills. To that end, the course stresses a mix of assessment tests for each chapter to give you a personal saddle of departure for acquire and skill development, along with basic theory and cases and region plays to examine examples of situations and skills that we are studying. This is a hands-on course. I expect students to per spring to class cleard to peck and to participateCourse Objectives1) To provide students with knowledge and understanding of the basic principles of organizational carriage (i.e. human behavior in organizations).2) The cou rse includes both theoretical and practical aspects of OB and is designed to asseverate introductory knowledge, skills, and perspectives in OB that can be useful for students superior and academic careers.II. Course tuition OutcomesOn completion of this course, students should be satisfactory to1 Understand the basic principles of organizational behavior (i.e. human behavior in organizations). 2 Be equipped with introductory knowledge, skills, and perspectives in OB that can be useful for students professional and academic careers.Teaching and Learning Activities1. Lecture 2. In class exercises, small group discussion 3. group Presentations 4. Final interrogationIII. AssessmentIn addition to attendance and exercise in classroom discussion, all items discussed in class including all materials designate as Required reading may be used to assess students progress in the class. The methods of assessment include the followingPersonal journalA skills-based OB course centers upon a ssisting you to assess your strengths and weaknesses, developing a skill plan to redress these and regular reflection about how you can accept the skills and concepts learned outside the classroom. Keeping a journal is the best way to facilitate this. To ensure you get off to a timely start, I shall ask for some specific assignments that constitute part of the journal to be handed in for reference book. Examples include the self- assessment of strengths and weaknesses based upon the online assessment (class 2), and other individual exercises in the textbook. You can fulfill the first assignment online at http//www.passovoy.com/assessment/sal/quick.html. You are required to complete a minimum of 8 assessments. In some cases, you depart be surprised by what you learn about yourself both positive and negative. from each one student is required to compose a maximum two-page single-spaced typed write-up regarding what you learned about yourself.Final ExamA written in-class exam w ill be given on May 14, 2012. The format of the exam is a combination of multiple-choice and/true-false questions, and are based on lecture and text materials. Many questions are applied and require you to analyze and synthesize OB concepts. Please prepare early for the exams and come to class with any questions or concerns you may stir prior to the exam date. Do not feel uncomfortable petition questions. Other students will also benefit from the discussion.Top Five Take-AwaysThis assignment provides a final opportunity for you to synthesize and share your teaching with the class. forge on your learning in this class and write up a list of your Top Five Take-Aways from the course. Explain why you chose each concept, how you charter utilized it in your shake off life, and how you think it will help you in your future role as a leader. There is no countersink length of the paper. That depends on your learning. You are required to turn in a hard copy. Single-spacing, please. Ob viously you will not be framed on whether your choice of a learning point is valid or not. Your learning is your learning. Your grade will be based on how well you pardon that concepts application to your life. Your presentation in class will be fairly informal. Each member of the class will bring in about a minute or so to share a point or two about your most important learning from the course. It is simply an opportunity to reflect on your learning with your peers. Sometimes hear what is important to other people can also contribute to your own learning.Group ProjectLearning to work effectively in groups is a critical work skill. On day one, you will be asked to form groups (final membership to be handed into me by the third meeting. With your group, you will have two assignments. The first is to develop a team learning notebook computer, enter team responses to case discussion questions throughout the semester. The team learning notebook will be collected during the mid-poin t of the course (6th week), as well as the end of the course (12th week) . The second assignment is to conduct a 20 minutes presentation on a topic of your choice tie in to the topic on the day selected by your group. Further information will be given in class and sign up is on a first-come first serve basis.If any group member expresses irritation with group process and contributions of others shall used a peer paygrade form. Each individuals contribution will be identified on the peer evaluation form I will provide and that will be confidential (i.e., your group members will not see your evaluation of their participation). All group members should participate equally to obtain full credit for the assignment. For example, if the assignment receives a grade of 8.5 out of 10 and your group gives you cytosine% participation rate, then you will receive the total 8.5 points. If your group gives you little than 100% participation, your grade will be adjusted accordingly. Evaluation of your peers should help you maintain an appropriate level of participation from all of your group members.IV.Course Policies faculty member Dishonesty Assignments found to have been plagiarized or an exam in which cheating is found to have occurred will receive a grade of zero.

The Qinghai-Tibet Railway

The Qinghai-Tibet railway line originates in Xining, capital of Qinghai Province, which is 1,142 kilometers (713 miles) long. With about 600 kilometers of the railroad line is built within the Tibet Autonomous surface area, it is however, the first railway that linking Tibet with the western instigate of China, and it result extend from Lhasa, the Tibetan capital to Golmud, a traffic hub in Qinghai Province. Once the structure polish offd, it will be sum the longest and most proud railway built on highlands in the initiation, and will later be extended to Shigaze and Linzhi in Tibet, and Yunnan Province in southwest China.The acme of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is 5,072 meters above sea level, and to a greater extent than 960 kilometers, or four-fifths of the railway will be built at an altitude of more than 4,000 meters. Nearly half of the railway (550 kilometers) will be laid on continuous and permanent glacial earth, and the rest of the railway will pass through the grassl ands, natural earmark zone, wetlands, and also the arid desert percentage.The Chinese Government has wanted to realise such a railway since the 1950s, shortly after the Communist force took over control of Tibet. However, the project was postponed for decades due to the construction difficulties with the altitude, terrain, and also the shortage of capital sources. Nevertheless, the dream of building such a railway linking to Tibet has never been gave up by the Chinese Authorities, for which the construction purposening, reconnaissance, and feasibility research guide has been took place in Qinghai-Tibet plateau for many years ever since the 1960s.In 1984, the Xining-Golmud Railway was completed, the first phase of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which is 815 kilometers long. However, the construction discontinued due to uttermost(prenominal) weather condition, terrain, and altitude. In February 2001, the China State Council has approved the construction plan of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway after reviewed the official report submitted by the State preparation Commission. The construction project will take s even out years to complete with a sum of 4 zillion US Dollars (approx. 32 billion Chinese RMB) total investment. Building the worlds most elevated and longest railways, indeed, is not only a trial to a Countrys combine national power, and her engineering science level. In contrast to its several billion dollar of investment, the short-term economical welfare is incommensurate de facto, but it serves for a long-term economic benefit and extensively political and military meanings.Currently, the only transportation to Tibet is limited to strand and air transport, which is deficiency to meet the demand for developing Tibets thriftiness. In liken to the prosperous eastern seaboard, Tibet remains as the most backward region in China at a little bit more above the national average income for farmers and herdsmen.According to the Himal South Asian pickup (Sep t 2002) the current disparity between rural, impoverished Tibetans and urban, developed Chinese then, is a problem for the capital of Red China administration. The dominant point of view in Beijing is that Tibet has been a messy backyard that remains an embarrassment for they realize that a radically under-developed Tibet will tarnishes the image of a new China. It is neither the result of a coherent and successful policy, nor a carefully crafted plan to keep Tibetans down(a).It is an required fact that, once the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is completed, it will bring a well-off transportation way to and from Lhasa, and it eventually lead to a result of raise influx of Chinese migrants, unemployed, and the laid-off workers of the over-saturated eastern coastal cities to migrating to the Tibet Autonomous Region seeking for working and business opportunity. However, these Chinese do not come all the way here to Tibet just to preach Maoism or even Han-ism, and they are concerned about T ibetans only in as ofttimes as a Tibetan might endanger or summation their chances to make money. Their opportunities mainly depend on the large government-subsidized projects that fuel Tibets tertiary economy. Without these, they would have to be left floating again and would drift to the next prospective region all over the country.This controversial railway construction plan has gained great attention for Overseas Tibetans and Tibetan observers over the world after the Chinese government reveal its plan as depart of the so-called Western Development Strategy. The Tibetan Action committal utter that they are afraid once the Qinghai-Tibet Railway plan completed, it will kill the Tibetans cultural and traditions and therefore it will destroyed Tibetans unique identity and one shot Tibetan to become sinicize. As the action committee still regards the social movement of Communist administration in Tibet since the 1950s as an occupation in contrast to what the Communist admi nistration called it the peaceful liberation. Therefore, it is not too hard to understand for their worries of the railway construction that link to Lhasa will bring tightening military grip over Tibet , and a much faster and convenient way for logistics supply.Looking at it another way, once the railway is completed, Tibetan herdsman hobo easily sell their diaphanous product outside the border, plus more consumer products privy enter Tibet which can be improve Tibetans living standard, where the price will go down due to scarcity of goods. This will greatly benefit Tibetan vomit off poverty and enter to a much faster economy development track, isnt it just great for everyone?As business is business, the caller-up necessarily not to get involve into politic that much. Like the Chinese verbalism The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it if you take weapons like gun for example, it can be use for murder, robbery, self-protection, and of course, use by authoriti es to saving civilians life. Thus, it is short depending on how people use it anything else is out of the question.What the Tibetan Action Committee worries can be taken as a consideration for the company while considered the offer, but it shall not be the sole consideration factor out that affects the company on the railway contract offer by the Chinese Government.

Albee and Twain: Demystifying an American Dream

Albee and Twain Demystifying an Ameri base trance What Happens to a day- ideate differed? / Does it dry up / bid a raisin in the sun / Or fester like a sore- / etc. And then run? / Does it fume like rotten meat? / Or crust with sugar over- / like a syrupy sweet? / Maybe it just sags / like a heavy load / Or does it explode? &8212&8212 Langston Hughes the Statesn Dream was a term that first appeared in James Truslow Adamss The Epic of America, where he states The Ameri send word Dream is that dream of a land in which life sentence should be better and richer and fuller for every integrity, with opportunity for distri exactlyively according to efficacy or achievement.It is not a dream of motor cars and high compensation merely, but a dream of social re indicate in which each man and each woman sh entirely be able to attain to the fullest pinnacle of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the unintended circumstances of birth or position (Adams, 1931) It is this land Twain throws huckaback and Jim to endure the hardships of life, to experience the thrown-Inness of being born into the world unprepared, without choice. Long considered as a quest for go offdom, Huck-Finn basically is as M.Cox puts it a flight from tyranny, not a flight for freedom (Cox, p172-173, 1966). Freedom is fundamentally a relative term, and freedom may manifest itself in corporal and mental realms. Half of the world still considers itself honored under the spoken communication of The Commonwealth, illustrates the limitation of physical freedom alone. One dreams in separateing to maintain that freedom, but as Schumacher put it, The greatest deprivation whateverone can suffers is to have no chance of looking after himself and do a livelihood, depriving one of ones existence and consciousness of being free. Kumar, p2672, 1991). Being a Post-American Dream novel, Twain did not go to the completion to overthrow the ent ire socio-political system to emphasize the impossibility and superficiality of American dream. Europeans found the dark lands flourishing with immense economical and religious opportunities. The estimation was perhaps that opportunities could not be isolated to lands, and certainly these islands cannot claim to win equality and recognition to people of all run aways and creed, when its own socio-political apparatus is plagued with racism and lack of consciousness.With Huck and Jim, the racial discrimination prevalent in America was laid bare. Twain does not talk about conscience as a mode of judgment of human actions rather he infused the unfathomable viewpoint of intuition and innate human instincts as the basis of m resemblingg choices. Conscience, which are essentially derived from society, the learned distinction between good and bad, different to black and white, are merely false reserves upon natural behavior.Such constraint is what Huck rejects (Burg, p303, 1974), som ething which is apparent when Huck says always do whichever right or wrong fill in handiest at the age. There can be no geographic location which can encompass this distinctness of human quality, to change with time as the instincts indicate may be not dictated or etched in law, and no moral order of society could detain the complexity and vastness of intuition. We must not expect Twain to state any moralistic view regarding the confrontation of races in Huck-Finn.Although set in the previous(prenominal), the novel peeps into the future and without dealing with complexities of master- buckle down psychodynamics, interprets the nature of freedom, something which seems to suggest that psychological freedom is hard to achieve in a night with such(prenominal) thing as an Emancipation Proclamation. If organizations like AfroAmerican whiz, Society of African Culture and resistance fronts like Operation stomach and Dont Buy Where You Cant Work were all prevalent during even the late 1960s, suggesting the fact that the whole concept of American dream was unacceptable to most of the black Americans.The final chapter of Huckleberry Finn which is often considered as a chilling descent is not a flaw in architectural unity, but a denial of celebration of freedom which one would expect from Jims liberation. Twain deliberately de-romanticizes and trivializes the whole concept of freedom, since the vagary of equality and opportunity was White American the one who was aware of his past and ensured about his recognition, nativity of his own culture and tradition, the one who assumed the nationality of a land which captured.The slaves, who by now formed the consciousness of a friendship and not the citizen, was more concerned with their soul identity as Joanna Zangrando puts it the quest for black liberation is a search for what whites no longer receive in full measure a clear and purposeful guts of self identity (Zangarando, p154, 1970). Jims never been and would nev er be free unless he acquires an identity like the slaves of the African culture did. A slave in Nigeria, would still be a Nigerian, while Jim, does not go into into that frame of nationality, and neither into that dream which an American saw.The concept of American Dream was built upon the pillars formed by the dislocated and reluctant hands of the slaves, akin to what the Romans did, and just like them, came down the fabrication of entire dream, devastated, stranded and lost. Nationality is not just one issue that can be talked about in reference to American dream. Societal dynamics function through interaction of power, authority and influence. It can well function without the aesthetic and poetic office of human development. And in a society devoid of sustainable rare references, financial status does reverse a determining parameter of individual growth.Although not implicit in the original idea of James Turslow, but economic influence finds its manifestation in the America n dream of the super acid man. Such aspects find distinct voice in Albees flora which revolve around the social fabric. The general view that Edward Albees bleeds are ferocious attacks on lethargy and complacency in American society and a frustrate denial that everything is just dandy receives a nod from Albee himself (Albee, p8, 1961) and he goes on to confirm his own claim with Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf, a play through which pastity speaks out for entire American civilization.How subjects receive names is as well as interesting. While George corresponds to the then president of United States and Martha being her wife, Albee certainly hits the hold back on the head, illustrating a family whose life is drowned deep into the artificialities manufactured under in the social machinery. Near the end of the second act of Whos Afraid of Virginia Wolf, George, the prof of history, is left alone onstage while Martha, his wife, and Nick are acting the preliminary rounds of hump the hostess in the kitchen.Attempting to control his hurt and temper he pronounces aloud from a book he has taken from the shelf, And the West, encumbered by crippling alliances and burdened with a morality too stern to accommodate itself to the swing of events must eventually fall (II, 174). George is clearly encumbered with a crippling alliance in his marriage to Martha and does seem to be burdened with a kind of morality that makes it difficult for him to respond in kind to her vicious attacks.At the same time, this observation on the run awayments of history, read in connection with the events of Georges personal history, is a splendid example of how Albee has managed to authorize the events of the family drama with a deeper significance, suggestive of larger events and movements. Upon the historicity and its relation to American Dream, Holton writes One of the principal myths on which this country was founded was the notion that America was a New Eden, a second chance or dained by idol or Providence in which man could begin all over again, freed from the accumulated sin and corruption of Western history (Holton, p47, 1973).With Holtons comment, we move yet closer to the objective of this paper, that not only when could the American become a New Adam and found upon the unspoiled continent an holy man human polity, but this new way of life and new order of society could serve as a shining example to pay back erring Europe from her own sinfulness. Such a dream was essentially impossibility in an imperfect world where multitudes dream their own dreams. consequently the majority of American historians, says David nole, have been Jeremiahs, decrying Americas involvement within the transitory patterns of European history and calling Americans back to their duties and obligations (Nobles, p4, 1965). With such a catastrophic dream at hand, the people of American couldnt have gone far with the nightmare it was to cast.It was not unprecedented, as such a crumbling of social order already shook the British machinery where The Angry Young Man was invented during the mid(prenominal) of twentieth century who looks back in anger and, shouts Id love to live too But I must say, its pretty dreary living in the American age (Osborne, p9-14, 1954). This disenchantment and dissatisfaction with life and lack of recognition in society, was soon realized in America as well. In fact the three acts of the play coroneted Fun and Games, Walpurgisnacht and Exorcism may be said to illustrate the historic passage of American civilization from innocence to guilt to madness.America which began as an un-spoilt continent, convinced that it was unique in human history to create a perfect society, just like the Germans once thought, in a race of differentiation, cut themselves from European tradition and history, in effect killed its parents. But how can one neglect the parenting they once received in Europe, when memories transform into haunting, only by r etreating into madness can one escape the vicissitudes of history.Again in the words of Holtan, Both George and Martha indicate at various points that back there, in the beginning, when I first came to New Carthage, there might have been a chance for them. That chance was lost and now their crippling alliance exacts its gong from both of them (Holtan, p48, 1973). Finally, what Johnson perceived with his panoramic eye while surveying piece from China to Peru (Johnson, p50, 1749), acknowledging the everydayity of human behavior, holds true for any nation any island claiming to become land of opportunity.Freedom again is a responsibility, that functions under a collective consciousness of being free, consequently whoever, in mans universal condition, chooses freedom chooses it for everybody concludes Franz Adler (Adler, p284, 1949). Similarly an idea that negates the masses, devoids itself the potential of transformation into a phenomenon, its placement soon consumes its very prese nce with time. References Adams, James, Truslow, The Epic of America, Simon Publications, 2001.Adler, Franz, The Social Thought of Jean-Paul Sartre, The American diary of Sociology, Vol. 55, No. 3 (Nov. , 1949), The University of Chicago Press. Albee, Edward, The American Dream, Coward-McCann, Inc. , New York, 1961. Burg, David, F. , other View of Huckleberry Finn, Nineteenth-Century Fiction, Vol. 29, No. 3, University of California Press, 1974. Cox, James, M. , Mark Twain, The Fate of Humour, Princeton University Press, 1966 Johnson, The Vanity of benevolent Wishes, emended by Harriet Raghunathan, Worldview Publications, 2004, New Delhi.Noble, David, W. , Historians Against History, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1965. Osborne, John, Look Back in Anger, edited by Neeraj Malik, Worldview Publications, 2002, New Delhi. Schumacher, E. F. , Dilemmas of Measuring Human Freedom, Kumar, K, G, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 26, No. 47, Economic and Political Weekly, 1991. Z angrando, Schneider, Joanna, Zangrando, L. Robert, Black Protest A Rejection of the American Dream, Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, Sage Publications, Inc. , 1970.